1. BA Public Services Management & Strategy Pollard (1978) Developments in Management Thought. London: Heinemann
Mike Durke

2. FW Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
The father of scientific management
Eyesight prevented study so he worked as machinist and pattern maker
FWT said scientific management was born in 1882 – worked on it for 30 yrs
‘Soldiering’ – natural instinct to take it easy – workers self interest

3. FW Taylor Workers saw managers as enemies = power struggle
How to get more output from the workers?
Scientific Management = ‘the management of initiative and incentive’
Piece-rates and bonuses
FWT sought to replace ‘opinions’ with ‘facts in the workplace

4. FW Taylor Always secure full support of top managers
Mental revolution of managers and workers
Friendly co-operation not hostility
Correct feeds and speeds for cutting metal
One best way for each single job
Incentive – extra work = extra pay
First-class staff
8 functional foremen not one foreman
Correct method for new systems and the right installers

5. FW Taylor
The mental revolution was the real basis of scientific management. Workers were to:
Stop fighting over wages and the profits
Accept a scientifically established increase (by facts) of % of wages through effort
Forget soldiering and help management establish the facts about production
Accept management’s role in determining the what, when, where, how and time constraints
Agree to be trained and follow management’s new methods

6. FW Taylor Management was to: Develop a science for each operation
Determine time and method for each job
Match workers to suitable jobs – train to be as good as he could be
Organise efficiently to remove all responsibility from the worker apart from performance of the job
Agree to be governed by the science and surrender arbitrary power over the workers.

7. Frank B and Lilian M Gilbreth
FB started as an apprentice bricklayer then foreman, manager, owner then consultant
Accepted and developed FW Taylor’s ideas
LM was a psychologist who helped FB and developed her own ideas

8. Frank B and Lilian M Gilbreth
Science of motion study
‘Systems Management’ – prescribed way of doing things down to the last detail: FB referred to the, “one best way.”
FB set down his ‘Field System’ for his managers – rules and procedures applicable to all sites
Main problem was to ensure performance and control at a distance

9. Frank B and Lilian M Gilbreth
Motion study articles in American journal Industrial Engineering in 1911
Reduce present practice to writing
Enumerate motions used
Enumerate variables which affect each motion
Reduce best practice to writing

10. HL Gantt
HL worked with FWT at the Bethlehem Steel Works – a helper in the development of scientific management
FWT’s work had been used by some bad managers to oppress - unrealistic expectations on workers
HL set a day rate for a job plus a bonus of 20-50% if done in the time set

11. HL Gantt
If worker couldn’t do any part of the job in time supervisor was informed.
Supervisor would demonstrate that it could be done if not the engineer who set the time would be called.
If he couldn’t do it then a new more realistic time would be set.
Biggest achievement – Gantt Chart

12. JD Mooney
‘Principles of Organisation’ with AC Reilly 1939 – mainly related to changes in US system of government
2 main objectives: principles which relate to all organisations; and illustrations relating to Catholic church, army, government and business
Very difficult to read

13. JD Mooney What does ‘organisation’ mean?
Precise and definitive approach which claims ‘org’ is a necessary and universal
Cavemen and co-operation
Aims and objectives are only the ‘physics’ of an organisation
Organisation means order and orderly procedure

14. JD Mooney
Definition: “organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose.” (Pollard, p41)

15. PF Drucker Very popular influence on management thought
1950s – new ideas with practical focus as opposed to theoretical
1955 – major work, ‘The Practice of Management’ written for managers and those aspiring to management.

16. PF Drucker Focus on different sections in ‘The Practice of Management’
The Nature of Management:
“The manager is the dynamic, life giving element in every business.”
Managing a Business: serving society – purpose of management is to
“Create a customer.”

17. PF Drucker
Managing a business: need for innovation and change, the creation of new needs and the setting of objectives
Managing Manager: a fundamental element. Need to direct everyone’s efforts towards the business objectives
Structure of Management: links betewwn structure and practice

18. PF Drucker
The Management of Worker and Work: workers at all levels are human beings with human needs
What it Means to be a Manager: making the whole greater than the sum of its parts
On leadership he says:
“Leadership cannot be created or promoted. It cannot be taught or learned.”

19. PF Drucker 1964 ‘Managing for Results’
Focus on top-level overall management of a business
Analysis and understanding of results
Opportunities and decisions
Purposeful Performance

20. Henri Fayol
Managed a coal mine at 25; 31 general manager of a few mines; 47 Managing Director of mining group for 30 yrs.
1916 ‘General and Industrial Management’ (translation in 1929 & 1949)
Definition of management:
“To forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.”

21. Oliver Sheldon Worked for Rowntrees in York. 1920s.
Asked practical questions in the light of increased public awareness of industry, workers’ need to develop themselves, overgrowth of many kinds of associations (inc unions) and science (sm re: FWT)
Management/worker partnership:
“Welfare is essentially a corporate enterprise.”

22. B Seebohm Rowntree
Most influential on British management in 1920s and 30s. Quaker, b 1871.
Succeeded his dad as Chair of board in 1923 and retired at 70 in 1941.
A humanitarian, he wanted workers to co-operate with management: keep workers on-side and don’t overthrow capitalism!
Minimum wage: enough to raise a family of 3 children in reasonable comfort

23. Mary Parker Follett
1920s and 30s work rediscovered and amplified in 50s and 60s.
“One cannot separate work from human beings, their hopes, fears and aspirations, nor can one look on work and business as a series of isolated cause and effects but only as a continuous process of interrelationships between people.”
Pollard (1978; p161)

24. Chris Argyris
1950s ‘Personality and the Organisation’ - theory of behaviour in industry
Managers need self-awareness.
Its not possible to understand others unless we understand ourselves and vice versa.

25. Renis Likert
s, Institute for Social Research, Michigan – study of management in practice
“Supervision is, therefore, always a relative process. To be effective and to communicate as intended, a leader must always adapt his behaviour to take into account the expectations, values, and inter-personal skills of those with whom he is interacting.”
Jenkins (1947) ‘A review of leadership studies with particular reference to military problems’,