1. World War II

2. Dimension 1 Who or How Many Parties are Involved
WWII was truly global in scope
Meaning it was a conflict that directly impacted all nations in the world

3. Dimension 1 Axis Countries Allied Countries Germany Italy Japan
Finland
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Croatia
Slovakia
Allied Countries
United Kingdom (England, Great Britain)
United States (America, USA)
Soviet Union (USSR, Russia)
France
Canada
Australia
China
Poland
Greece
Netherlands
Belgium
Czechoslovakia
Luxembourg
Norway
Yugoslavia

4. Dimension #1 People /Allies
Neville Chamberlain ( ), British prime
minister ( )
known for his
appeasement policy
in the immediate
pre-World War II period.

5. Dimension #1 People /Allies
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill ( ), Great Britain's greatest 20th-century statesman,
best known for his courageous
leadership as prime minister
during World War II.

6. Dimension #1 People/Allies
Dwight D. Eisenhower ( ), American military leader, whose great popularity as Allied supreme commander during World War II secured him election as the 34th president of the U.S. ( ).

7. Dimension #1 People/Allies
Douglas MacArthur ( ), American general, who commanded Allied troops in the Pacific during World War II, supervised the postwar occupation of Japan, and led UN forces during the Korean War.

8. Dimension #1 People/Allies
George Smith Patton ( ), American army officer
Early in 1944 he was given command of the Third Army.
In the summer of 1944 the Third Army broke through the German defenses in the Normandy campaign in March 1945 it crossed the Rhine River into Germany

9. Dimension #1 People/Allies
Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( ), 32d president of the U.S. ( ); elected for an unprecedented four terms, he was one of the 20th century's most skillful political leaders.

10. Dimension #1 People/Allies
Josef Stalin( ), Soviet Communist leader, the longtime ruler who more than any other individual molded the features that characterized the Soviet regime and shaped the direction of post-World War II Europe;

11. Dimension #1 People/Axis
Adolf Hitler ( ), German dictator, chancellor ( ), founder and leader (führer) of German fascism (Nazism).

12. Dimension #1 People/Axis
Emperor Hirohito ( ), emperor of Japan ( ), who was the last ruler to uphold (during the first part of his reign) the Shinto idea of imperial divinity.

13. Dimension #1 People/Axis
Benito Mussolini ( ), premier-dictator of Italy ( ), the founder and leader (Il Duce) of Italian Fascism.

14. Dimension #1 People/Axis
Hideki Tojo ( ), Japanese leader during World War II. An extreme militarist and advocate of total war, he became army chief of staff in 1937, commanding the Japanese Kwantung army against the Chinese in Manchuria.

15. DIMENSION # 2: What are the sources of conflict? What is it over?
• Conflicts Over Resources (Human Resources; Things and Capital; Natural
Resources; Land and Territory)
o When people, groups, and nations are competing for the same
resources
o When there is a dispute over who has a right to certain resources
o When people, groups, or nations want to take someone else’s
resources or prevent someone from getting needed resources
• Conflicts Over Values (Beliefs, Choices and Perspectives, and Preferences)
o When people, groups, and nations have relations with each other,
but hold different deeply held beliefs about the role of an
individual, group or family within their culture, cultural practices,
politics, and religion
o Conflicts over “what is most important”
• Conflicts Over Psychological Needs (Power and Control, Emotional
Needs)
o Conflicts related to an individual’s or group’s need for respect, love,
affirmation, approval, friendship, and power over their own fates
o Conflicts related to the need of individuals to belong and have the
opportunity to develop and achieve
o Conflicts that arise when psychological needs are not fulfilled
o Conflicts between an individual and other people or institutions
when obstacles prevent someone from having their needs met

16. Conflicts Over Resources
Japan in 1931 invades Manchuria in China
Nationalist government wanted a steady source of natural resources for Japan, an island nation with little natural resources
Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935-wanted landed and had imperialist aspirations
Germany wanted to gain “living space” for all German Speaking peoples, invaded Austria and then looked to the rest of Eastern Europe

17. Japan’s Invasion of Manchuria

18. Conflicts Over Psychological Needs Power and Control, Emotional
Versailles Treaty- Caused Psychological damage to many nations in Europe
Europe was divided between those who gained from Versailles and those who lost
Psychologically-Germany and Italy felt the need to rectify the harsh conditions of the treaty

19. Winners of WWI
The Allies of WWI were tremendously fearful of another war
Adopted a policy of appeasement – Neville Chamberlin of Great Britain
Dictators such as Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco of Spain challenged the will of the League of Nations and allies

20. Summary of Long Term Causes
Everyone has a different opinion about what caused the war, here are the most common
Versailles Treaty
Rise of Fascism, Nationalism, Totalitarianism, Expansionism
Weakness of the League of Nations, Appeasement
Economic Depression
Alliances

21. DIMENSION #3: Relationships between/among conflicting parties.
The type of relationship that exists between conflicting parties will often determine the intensity of the conflict and its outcome. Important questions to ask include:
What kind of climate is present between conflicting parties? How can the climate change the outcome?
Trusting or Suspicious
Friendly or Hostile
Open or Resistant
Calm or Emotionally Tense
Do parties come to the conflict with equal power or a power imbalance?
Does any one party control the resources and decision–making process?
What is the degree of interdependence between the conflicting parties?
(In other words, do the actions of one person or group seriously impact
the others involved in the conflict?)
o How often do the parties see or interact with one another?
o Is a positive relationship valued equally by both parties?
o Does each party need the cooperation of the other to achieve
important goals?
How well do the parties know one another?
o Does the relationship matter to both or one of them? How much?
o Does it matter if conflicting parties come from different cultures
and know little about the other?

22. How Would You Answer Dimension #3 for each of the following countries?
Germany
France
Britain
Russia
Italy
Japan
USA

23. DIMENSION #4: What is the history of the conflict?
Usually the longer a conflict exists, the more intense and complex it becomes, and therefore, the more difficult to resolve. Yet, there is also a point when parties can become so “battle weary” that they finally see resolution as the best strategy. Factors that complicate a conflict:
• The duration of the conflict.
o How long has the conflict continued?
o Are the original parties still actively involved in the conflict?
• The frequency of the conflict.
o How often has the conflict reemerged?
o Are there periods when the conflict escalated to severe levels?
o Did this conflict develop in stages?
• The intensity of the conflict.
o How life threatening is the conflict?
o Is the conflict emotionally or ideologically charged?
• The perception of the conflict by both those directly involved and those who witness it but do not feel directly affected by it.
o Do people “see” the conflict as serious or irrelevant? (Conflicts can remain unresolved when there is little or no pressure to address them – when people from `inside’ or `outside’ the conflict don’t perceive it to be compelling enough to resolve. Conflicts are not always visible, or easily identifiable. In these situations, the conflict remains, even though it is hidden from view or ignored.
The historical conflict between Israel and Palestine is a good example for discussing this dimension.

24. DIMENSION # 5: The Process: How do we choose to deal with the conflict?
In every conflict, all parties involved make choices to take some action they
think will help them get what they want and need. These choices may be
spontaneous or calculated, constructive or destructive. Conflicts can develop in
stages and consequently may involve many different responses as the conflict
proceeds. Some of those choices are:
• Avoidance – deny, ignore, or back off the conflict
• Diffuse the conflict – postpone, wait, gather data, or check it out
• Engage in the conflict – methods might include:
o Direct Force or Competition
o Accommodation – to adapt or adjust
o Compromise
o Use Collaborative Problem-Solving
Practice Restorative Justice- valuing community continuity and well-being in the

25. How did the Allies Response to Axis Aggression Change?
Policy of Appeasement
Isolationism for US
Indirect Confrontation (Spain)
Direct confrontation

26. Dictators Challenge World Peace
Japan invades Manchuria-wanted same colonial advantages as Western Nations had in Asia
Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935-revenge for Italy’s defeat in 1896
Ethiopian King Halle Selassie asks League of Nations for help-League imposes sanction
Hitler sends troops to the Rhineland bordering France

27. Policy of Appeasement
Developed by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin
British and French did not want another war
Saw Hitler as a way to counter the bigger threat of communism in USSR
US Congress passes a series of Neutrality Acts-forbidding the sale of weapons to nations at war
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis-Agreed to fight communism and not interfere with each others ambitions

28. Spanish Civil War 1920’s Spain is a monarchy
1931 a republic is formed with a constitution
Loyalists support republic
Democracies support loyalists
Conservatives reject reforms of new government
Nationalists led by Francisco Franco led a revolt
Hitler/Mussolini support Nationalists

29. German Aggression Continues
Austria Annexed in what is called the Anschluss or union 1938
Czech Crisis: Hitler demands the freedom of the Sudetenland- a region in western Czechoslovakia (3 million Germans)
Munich Conference Sept Britsh and French give in to Hitler’s demand-Hitler said he would stop
Chamberlin declares he achieved “peace for our time”
French Leader Edouard Daladier thought differently

30. Churchill is Right
British politician Winston Churchill said, ”they had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor; they will have war”
August 1939 Hitler signs a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union. WHY?
Did not want a 2 front war
Wanted to divide up Poland
Pact based on mutual need not friendship

31. WWII Begins September 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland
On September 3, 1939-Britian and France declare war on Germany

32. Early Wins for the Axis Powers
Hitler’s famous Blitzkreig “lightening war” a huge success in Poland
Stalin’s forces attack Poland from the east
Phony War begins-French wait for German invasion-supported by British troops
They wait behind the Maginot Line-a supposedly impregnable defense
Hitler attacks Norway and Denmark in April 1940

33. Axis Advances German troops pour into France by May
Trap British at Dunkirk-British send all available boats to rescue British soldiers and bring them across the channel
Italy declares war on France
June 22, 1940 France falls and signs surrender documents
A puppet government is set up in Vichy

34. War in the East/Africa
September 1940 Mussolini’s forces attack Libya and push into Egypt
Oct Italy invades Greece-German troops come to Italy’s aid
Soon Greece and Yugoslavia were added to Axis victories
Bulgaria and Hungary join the Axis powers
New technology like sonar and radar aid in the victories

35. Battle of Britain
Britain stands alone to fight the Nazi’s after France falls in 1940
August 12, 1940 Germany begins the London Blitz-under constant bombardment Germany failed to break the will of the British-when not in bomb shelters they went about their daily business
Bombing continued until June 1941 but failed to break the morale of the British-Operation Sea Lion was a failure

36. Operation Barbarossa
June 1941 Hitler attempts to conquer the Soviet Union-wanted resources
3 million Germans catch Stalin off guard and march onto Soviet soil
By fall Nazi’s were ready to take Moscow and Leningrad
Oops winter comes-Nazi’s freeze to death
Russians suffer after the 2 ½ year siege of Leningrad

37. Where is the USA? At the beginning of the war US was neutral
Roosevelt found ways around the neutrality act by passing the Lend-Lease Act “sell or lend war materials to any country the President deems vital to the defense of the US”
Churchill and Roosevelt issue the Atlantic Charter- Goals of war-destruction of Nazi tyranny, right of people to choose their government

38. Japan Attacks
Growing tensions: US bans sale of goods to Japan in an effort to stop its aggression in Asia
Talks failed to alleviate tensions-growing nationalism and militarism in Japan
Japanese attack Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941-to weaken US before it enters the war
US Declares war on Japan 12/8/41 on 12/11/41 Congress declares war on Germany and Italy
Japanese have many early victories in the Pacific

39. Hitler’s Racism Hitler’s racially motivated policies
Perpetrated the Holocaust “SHOAH”= “meaning to be consumed by fire”
Policy of purification of the Aryan race
Hitler’s Racism

40. Allies Start Making Ground
Strategy of Big Three-finish war in Europe then turn toward Asia
Distrust amongst the allies-Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt
Stalin wanted help in the East-British and Americans did not answer this call until 1944

41. Concept of Total War
The entire economy was directed to the war efforts-factories converted to war making materials and necessities
Government in Executive Order 9066 authorized the internment of Japanese American citizens on the West Coast
1988 President George H.W. Bush formally apologizes to Japanese Americans and Congress authorizes reparations

42. Turning Points in WWII
El Alamein- British General Montgomery stops German General Rommel’s (desert fox) march through North Africa
Victory in North Africa gives allies a stepping stone to Italy
British and American forces land in Sicily in July 1943
Italians overthrow Mussolini sign and armistice

44. Turning Points Continued…
Red Army (Soviet Union) resists the Germans
Battle for Stalingrad one of the costliest of the war-Russians hold off Germans and once again the winter takes its toll
After this victory Russians counterattack and rid the Soviet Union of German troops push west towards Germany

45. Turning Points D-Day Invasion of France: June 6, 1944 “D-Day”
On August 25th the Allied forces entered Paris
Germany retreated –France was free
Allies turned attention to conquering Germany

46. War In the Pacific
Japanese overwhelmed European colonies in the Pacific
Controlled Philippines
Battle of Midway in May 1942 began a turning point in the war in the Pacific
Island hopping campaigns-take islands working way towards Mainland Japan
1944 MacArthur begins to retake Philippines

48. Defeat of the Nazis
December 1944 Allies head towards Germany via Belgium
Germany launches a counter-attack at the Battle of the Bulge
Battle delayed Allied advance, but Hitler was losing support in Germany
Constant Allied bombings of Germany
Fire-bombing of Dresden Feb 1945 killed 135,000

49. Hitler’s Last Stand Battle of the Bulge

50. VE-Day! Hitler committed suicide in April 1945
Germany surrendered on May 7th 1945 and May 8th is known as VE-Day (Victory in Europe)

51. Defeat of Japan
Germany defeated all resources go towards defeating Japan
Military and political planners were gearing up for an invasion of mainland Japan
Simultaneously they were working on the A Bomb
Hiroshima August 9, 1945-Nagasaki August 11, 1945
Japan surrenders on September 2nd, 1945

52. Aftermath of War
Costs of war: 75 million people died, 38 million in Europe
22 million Soviets died
Horrors of the Holocaust revealed to rest of the world
Axis leaders tried for “crimes against humanity”
These trials are known as the Nuremberg trials

53. Allied Occupation Allies occupy Germany and Japan
Strengthen democracy in these two nations and ensure peace

54. Establishment of the UN
League of Nations was weak and ineffective after WWI
United Nations would play a greater role in world affairs
Each nation had one vote in the General Assembly
Security Council given greater power-5 permanent member (US, USSR, China, Britain and France)

55. So much for the Alliance
USA and USSR brought about victory in Europe
Emerge from war as superpowers
Wartime alliance disintegrates because of conflicting ideologies

56. Stalin’s Goals in Eastern Europe
Spread communism
Create a buffer of friendly nations to prevent another German invasion
By 1948 Stalin had installed pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe
Churchill-”an iron curtain has fallen in Europe”
Europe was divided between eastern and western blocks

58. Truman Doctrine
March 12, 1947 President Harry S. Truman outlines a new policy to Congress.
“I believe that it must be the policy of the US to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”—Truman
America would help those willing to stand up to Soviet expansionism
Policy of Containment by George Kennan

59. Marshall Plan US provides aid packages to Europe to help it rebuild
Poverty and economic despair are ripe grounds for communist expansion

60. Works Cited
Ellis & Esler. World History: Connections to Today. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 2005.
Educators for Social Responsibility. 5 Dimensions of Conflict, March 12, 2008.
Avalon Project. March 29, 2008.
BBC. March 31, 2008.