1. The New Nation Lessons Review Maps Maps Graphic Organizer
What causes a society to grow?
Teacher Notes
The Big Idea: What causes a society to grow?
The New Nation
Unit 5 The New Nation

2. Lessons Review Maps Maps
Graphic Organizer
Graphic Organizer
Lesson 1
Planning a Government
Lesson 2
United States Constitution
Lesson 3
The Louisiana Purchase
Lesson 4
The War of 1812
Lesson 5
The Industrial Revolution
Click on a Lesson.
Lesson 6
The Age of Andrew Jackson
Lesson 7
Texas and the War with Mexico
Lessons

3. Planning a New Government
Lesson 1
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
arsenal
legislature
Reading Skill
What problems did the government face after the Revolution?
Draw Conclusions
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: What problems did the government face after the Revolution?

4. Planning a New Government
What were the Articles of Confederation and why did they fail?
They were the first plan of government for the U.S.
They failed because each state was independent.
printed their own money
passed their own trade laws.
What was the importance of the Northwest Ordinance?
It said that an area became a territory when its population reached 5,000.
A territory could apply for statehood when the population reached 60,000.
Teacher Notes
Articles of Confederation—money changed value between states.
Merchants did not know which trade laws to follow.
National government could not collect taxes.
Had to ask states for money to pay large debts.
Could not pay lawmakers or soldiers.
Ordinance of 1787 or the Northwest Ordinance—plan for land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River called the Northwest Territory
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin became states under this ordinance.
Pushed Native Americans off their land, which caused more fighting between Native Americans and colonists.

5. Planning a New Government
Why was Shays’s Rebellion important?
It showed the Articles of Confederation had failed.
The new government could not protect farmers from losing their lands.
It also could not afford to send troops to stop the uprising.
Teacher Notes
Shays’s Rebellion:
Massachusetts raised taxes on property to pay state debts.
Hundreds of farmers were unable to pay their taxes and lost their farms and landed in jail.
Shays’s Rebellion was led by Daniel Shays to close courthouses and break debtors free from jail.
Government had no money to send troops, so the state governor and other wealthy lawmakers had to pay a private militia.
Many people wanted a national government strong enough to protect their property.
Farmers wanted a government with the power to issue paper money that had value.

6. Planning a New Government
The Virginia Plan
Proposed by James Madison
Create a national legislature with two houses:
One elected by citizens based on a state’s population
One composed of members chosen by the first house
The Great Compromise
Proposed by Roger Sherman
A legislature with a House of Representatives based on a state’s population
A Senate with two senators from each state
Teacher Notes
At the Constitutional Convention, delegates created the plan for the U.S. government.
Famous delegates included Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and James Madison (Father of the Constitution).
The legislature was the most important part of government because it could make laws.
Madison’s Virginia Plan created a national legislature with two houses.
One house was elected by citizens (white men with property),based on a state’s population. This meant the larger states would have more power.
Members of the second house were chosen by the first house.

7. Planning a New Government
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise and why was it proposed?
It was an agreement among the delegates that every five enslaved people counted as three free people.
The slave states would not gain too much voting power in the legislature.
Teacher Notes
Great Compromise:
Representatives would serve two years and be elected directly by the people.
Senators would serve six-year terms and be chosen by state legislatures. This was later changed so people could elect senators directly.
Almost half of the delegates owned enslaved workers and wanted them to be counted as part of the population. Many delegates disagreed because it would give too much power to states with enslaved people.
In the Electoral College, the number of electoral votes for each state had was based on the number of its congressional representatives; the electoral votes would then be cast for the candidate chosen by the people in their state.
Ben Franklin was the only Founder to sign the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Paris, and the Constitution.
Seven people refused to sign the Constitution.

8. United States Constitution
Lesson 2
Vocabulary
federal system
Supreme Court
ratify
bill of rights
amendment
What are important points to remember about the Constitution?
Reading Skill
Draw Conclusions
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: What are important points to remember about the Constitution?

9. United States Constitution
First three articles explain how the U.S. government is organized.
Article 1 – establishes a legislature called Congress
made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives
power to make laws
Article 2 – creates the office of the President
leader of the executive branch
power to enforce laws
Teacher Notes
Federal system—national and state governments both make laws and collect taxes.
State government controls local matters such as police services and public education.
Constitution divided into separate parts called articles.
Checks and balances keep one branch from gaining too much power.
Congress has a check between the two houses: can pass legislation only if both houses pass exactly the same measure.
Checks between branches:
President can veto a bill.
Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds vote in each house.
Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional (judicial review).
No branch can take powers given to another branch.
Nine of the thirteen states had to approve (ratify) the Constitution.
Article 3 – establishes a Supreme Court
highest court in the land
power to decide whether any law works against the Constitution

10. United States Constitution
What is the Bill of Rights?
It is a statement of rights guaranteed by the government to the people.
Consists of ten amendments written by James Madison
After addition of Bill of Rights, all original thirteen states ratified the Constitution.
U.S. Constitution has 17 additional amendments.
Amendments must be approved by two-thirds of the House and Senate and then by three-fourths of the states.
Teacher Notes
Bill of Rights—statement of rights guaranteed by the government.
The ten amendments written by James Madison and added to the Constitution.
Amendments are changes to the Constitution.
The first act of Congress was to pass the Bill of Rights.
After the addition of the Bill of Rights, all original thirteen states ratified the Constitution.
The Constitution now has 17 other amendments.
Amendments have to be approved by two-thirds of the House and Senate and then by three-fourths of the states.

11. United States Constitution
System of Checks and Balances
The system of keeping one branch from gaining too much power
Legislative branch:
checks between the two houses
House of Representatives and Senate must agree.
Executive branch:
President must sign a law
power to veto
Congress can override
Judicial branch
Supreme Court has power to declare a law unconstitutional.
judicial review
Teacher Notes
No branch of the government can take powers given to another branch.
The executive branch has a cabinet.
George Washington’s cabinet included:
Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury (formed a plan for the economy)
Thomas Jefferson—Secretary of State (handled affairs with other countries)
Henry Knox—Secretary of War (took charge of the country’s defense)
John Jay became the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

12. The Louisiana Purchase
Lesson 3
Vocabulary
pioneer
impressment
Reading Skill
How did the United States expand across North America?
Draw Conclusions
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did the United States expand across North America?

13. The Louisiana Purchase
What were the effects of the Louisiana Purchase?
Jefferson doubled the size of the U.S. for pennies an acre.
Americans gained access to a major port.
The land had abundant natural resources.
Teacher Notes
The United States offered to buy New Orleans from the French for $10 million.
French counter offered with the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million because they were trying to pay for a war against Great Britain.
President Jefferson chose Merriwether Lewis to lead the Corps of Discovery.
Lewis went with Clark to map the course of the Missouri River and find a land route to the Pacific Ocean.
Jefferson also wanted information about the land, its resources, and the Native Americans who lived in the region.
Journals of their discoveries filled nearly 5,000 pages.
Sacagawea traveled with them as a guide and interpreter.

14. The War of 1812 Vocabulary Reading Skill Lesson 4
War Hawks
Era of Good Feelings
Adams-Onís Treaty
Monroe Doctrine
How did the War of 1812 affect Americans?
Reading Skill
Draw Conclusions
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did the War of 1812 affect Americans?

15. The War of 1812 Why did the War Hawks want war with Great Britain?
Believed that they could conquer Canada and take control of whole continent
Angry that British had helped Native Americans
Wanted to protect American sailors from British impressment
Why did the British burn Washington, D.C.?
The British wanted to punish Americans for burning York.
Teacher Notes
Despite opposition from New England, War Hawks got approval to go to war.
New England merchants wanted to settle problems peacefully because they depended on trade with Great Britain.
Called the war “Mr. Madison’s War” after President James Madison.
The American navy won important victories early in the war.
Oliver Hazard Perry won the Battle of Lake Erie, which forced the British to retreat to Canada.
American troops then invaded Canada and captured supplies in York, present-day Toronto, and burned the town.
Burning of Washington, D.C.
In 1814 British sent thousands of well-trained soldiers to invade the U.S. and attack Washington, D.C.
Punishment for invading Canada and destroying York.
Soldiers walked through the White House with muddy boots and ate dinner in the president’s dining room.

16. The War of 1812 What was the Monroe Doctrine?
The U.S. would not give Europeans the power to establish new colonies in the Americas.
The U.S. would not interfere with existing colonies in the Americas or with European affairs.
Why did the U.S. want to prevent new European colonies in the Americas?
The U.S. wanted to be free from European influence.
Teacher Notes
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe wanted to prevent new European colonies in the Americas.
It was a way for the U.S. to oppose colonial power.

17. The Industrial Revolution
Lesson 5
Vocabulary
Industrial Revolution
cotton gin
interchangeable part
reaper
steam engine
How did the Industrial Revolution change people’s lives?
Reading Skill
Draw Conclusions
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution change people’s lives?

18. The Industrial Revolution
What was the Industrial Revolution?
It was a time when new machines and new ideas changed the way people worked, traveled, and lived.
Cotton gin
Power looms in textile mills
Interchangeable parts
Mechanical plow and reaper
Steam Engine
Erie Canal
The Iron Horse
Teacher Notes
Ask: How can inventions change lives?
Important inventions:
Cotton gin removed seeds from cotton and made cotton the most important cash crop in the South.
More cotton in the South meant more textile mills (factory where workers turned the cotton into cloth) in the North.
Power loom made the process of turning cotton into cloth much faster.
Lowell, Mass., was built for textile mill workers to live.
Employed mostly women who worked 12-hour days, six days a week, and lived on the grounds of the mill.
Interchangeable parts—Eli Whitney made pieces in the same or standard sizes so they would fit a specific product.
Guns, tools, and other products could be made faster and at a lower cost.
Mechanical plow and the reaper made farming easier.
Steam Engine produced more power than a team of horses and could pull heavier loads.
Robert Fulton designed a steam engine boat that improved transportation.
Erie Canal connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River by using a series of locks to raise and lower the water level.
Made New York City the country’s largest and most important port.
The steam engine locomotive— “iron horses” powered by a steam engine that soon became the main form of transportation in the U.S.
Write About It!
Explain how the Erie Canal helped New York grow.

19. The Age of Andrew Jackson
Lesson 6
Vocabulary
Union
Trail of Tears
manifest destiny
wagon train
discrimination
How did the United States change during Andrew Jackson’s term?
Reading Skill
Draw Conclusions
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did the United States change during Andrew Jackson’s term?

20. The Age of Andrew Jackson
Why did people move west?
Start new lives
Find open land
Become wealthy
Forced to move away
The Indian Removal Act of 1831
Native Americans had to move
Indian Territory
Army forced Cherokee to march 800 miles
Trail of Tears
Oregon Fever
Manifest Destiny
wagon trains
Teacher Notes
Office of the president grew more powerful under Jackson’s presidency.
He imposed a new federal tax on imported goods.
The Indian Removal Act 1831 forced Native Americans to move to reservations located in present-day Oklahoma.
Native Americans protested in court.
Jackson refused to follow a court ruling allowing Native Americans to remain on their homelands.
Oregon Fever—the desire to get a fresh start in the West
Journey took 6 months by wagon train, which offered protection against Native American attacks.

21. The Age of Andrew Jackson
Use clues from the text to make conclusions about the treatment of the Cherokee people.
Text Clues
Conclusion
The Cherokee’s right to their land was guaranteed by treaty.
Forcing the Cherokee to move was unjust and illegal.
Jackson ignored a court ruling that the Cherokee should stay in Georgia.
Teacher Notes
The Cherokee’s right to their land was guaranteed by treaty.
Jackson ignored a court ruling that the Cherokee should stay in Georgia.
About 4,000 Cherokee died on the Trail of Tears.
Conclusion: Forcing the Cherokee to move was unjust and illegal.
About 4,000 Cherokee died on the Trail of Tears.

22. Texas and the War with Mexico
Lesson 7
Vocabulary
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Gold Rush
Reading Skill
How did conflicts with Mexico change the United States?
Draw Conclusions
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did conflicts with Mexico change the United States?

23. Texas and the War with Mexico
Trouble in Texas
By 1835, 25,000 Americans settled in Mexico.
Disliked Mexican laws
Texans attacked San Antonio.
Took control of the Alamo
Santa Anna, leader of Mexico, recaptured the Alamo.
All Americans killed.
General Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna.
“Remember the Alamo!”
Teacher Notes
In 1821 Mexico won independence from Spain
To keep the area (present-day Texas, New Mexico, and California) under Mexican control, the Mexican government offered land and Mexican citizenship to Americans who settled in Texas.
Once settled, many Americans did not want to live in Mexico.
Complained about Mexican laws.
Wanted slavery, which was illegal in Mexico.
Texans attacked and took control of the Alamo, lost it, and won it back.
Texans voted to join the U.S. and adopted a constitution and made slavery legal.
Congress felt that allowing Texas to join the union might lead to war with Mexico.
Texas becomes an independent country—Republic of Texas or the Lone Star Republic.
James Polk offered to buy the Mexican territories of California and New Mexico for $30 million. Mexico refused.
Congress made Texas the 28th state even though Mexico still claimed it.
Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to march through Texas to the Rio Grande, where fighting broke out.
War was declared.
Fighting continued until troops captured Mexico City.
Mexico sold Texas to U.S. for $15 million.
Write About It!
Explain why both the United States and Mexico claimed Texas.

24. Texas and the War with Mexico
Use clues from the text to make conclusions about the Mexican War.
Text Clues
Conclusions
Mexico wanted to keep its western territories.
Possible Conclusions:
The United States was the aggressor in the war.
The Mexican War helped the U.S. grow at a great cost.
The U.S. was becoming a powerful nation.
President Polk tried to buy land from Mexico.
After President Polk sent troops to the Rio Grande, fighting broke out.
When Texas became a state, Mexico still considered it part of its territory.
Teacher Notes
Mexico wanted to keep its western territories.
President Polk tried to buy land from Mexico.
After President Polk sent troops to the Rio Grande, fighting broke out.
When Texas became a state, Mexico still considered it part of its territory.
After the war, the United States purchased most of its western states from Mexico.
The war cost over 60,000 lives.
Possible Conclusions:
The United States was the aggressor in the war.
The Mexican War helped the U.S. grow at a great cost.
The U.S. was becoming a powerful nation.
After the war, the United States purchased most of its western states from Mexico.
The war cost over 60,000 lives.

25. Texas and the War with Mexico
The California Gold Rush
1848: James Marshall discovered gold in California.
Thousands of miners prospected for gold.
So many people came searching for wealth, that it became known as the “Gold Rush.”
1849: more than 80,000 people.
“Forty-niners”
1850: California became 31st state.
Teacher Notes
James Marshall found gold in Sacramento.
Sam Brannan heard about Marshall’s discovery. He bought all the picks and shovels he could find. Then he broke the news. He made a small fortune selling his picks and shovels to prospectors.
Although thousands of miners came to search for gold, few people struck it rich.
By May, 1849, more than 10,000 wagons had crossed the continent to California.
Ask: What effect did the forty-niners have on California? (The population grew so rapidly that California had enough people to become a state.)

26. Review
What are the three branches of government and what does each branch do?
Executive branch – enforces laws
Legislative branch – makes laws
Judicial branch – decides if laws are constitutional
What is the Bill of Rights?
The Bill of Rights is a statement of rights guaranteed by the government to the people.
Answers
Executive branch – enforces laws
Legislative branch – makes laws
Judicial branch – decides if laws are constitutional
The Bill of Rights is a statement of rights guaranteed by the government to the people.
Checks and balances keep any one branch from gaining too much power.
Why is there a system of checks and balances under the Constitution?
Checks and balances keep any one branch from gaining too much power.

27. Review
What were some important inventions during the Industrial Revolution?
Cotton Gin
– removed seed from cotton and made cotton the most important cash crop in the South
– made the process of cloth making much faster and large textile mills employed many people
– pieces made in standard sizes meant products could be made faster and at a lower cost
– made farming easier and fewer farmers were needed
– produced more power than horses and could pull heavier loads
– connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River with a series of locks to raise and lower the water level
– railroads became the main form of transportation
Power loom
Interchangeable parts
Mechanical plow and reaper
Steam engine
Answers
Cotton Gin – removed seed from cotton and made cotton the most important cash crop in the South
Power loom – made the process of cloth making much faster and large textile mills employed many people
Interchangeable parts – pieces made in standard sizes meant products could be made faster and at a lower cost
Mechanical plow and reaper – made farming easier and fewer farmers were needed
Steam engine – produced more power than horses and could pull heavier loads
Erie Canal – connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River with a series of locks to raise and lower the water level
Iron Horse – railroads became the main form of transportation
Erie Canal
Iron Horse

28. Review What is manifest destiny?
Manifest destiny is the belief that the United States had a right to expand its borders and claim new lands.
What was the Trail of Tears?
The Trail of Tears was the 800-mile westward march of the Cherokee people to the Indian Territory; 4,000 people died along the way.
Answers
Manifest destiny is the belief that the United States had a right to expand its borders and claim new lands.
The Trail of Tears was the 800-mile westward march of the Cherokee people to the Indian Territory; 4,000 people died along the way.

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30. Graphic Organizer Draw Conclusions
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