1. MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Learning Objective
MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Look at the pictures on the cards showing the tools and take it turns with a partner to name each tool and describe its use.
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2. MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Development
MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Steel rule
For measuring up to 300mm in length
Advantage:
Rigid form which means it will not bend and flex.
Disadvantage:
Ends can get worn, so the measurements are not accurate.
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3. MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Development
MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Measuring tape
For making longer measurements up to 5m
Advantage:
Longer, so more versatile.
Disadvantage:
Can become twisted and break.
Ends can break off, making them useless.
KS4 Resistant Materials

4. MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Development
MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Try square
Marking out or checking right angles on wood or plastic.
What is a disadvantage of using a square?
Engineer’s square
Marking out or checking right angles on metal or plastic.
Mitre square
Marking out or checking angles of 450 or 1350
A try square will usually have a brass face on the inside of the stock. Why do you think there is a brass face on the stock rather than leaving it as wood?
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5. MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Development
MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Marking gauge
Marking lines parallel to the face edge and side on wood.
Cutting gauge
Used for cutting across the grain. It has a blade instead of a spure. It cuts the fibres across the grain, making it easier to and neater to cut with a saw.
Mortise gauge
Has two pins; one pin is fixed and the other adjustable. It is used for marking two parallel lines where a mortise and tenon joint is to be cut.
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6. MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Development
MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Scribers
Used to scratch the surface of metal or plastic lightly. Use engineer’s blue to leave a clean line which can be easily be seen.
Punches
Centre punches are used to make an indent in the surface where holes are to be drilled in metal. Dot punches are used for marking the centres where dividers are to be used. Their tips are ground to 600 rather than 90o.
Templates
Used when a number of identical shapes or patterns need to be marked out. You can make a template from any thin material such as plywood or aluminium, that is easy to draw around.
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7. MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Development
MARKING OUT AND MEASURING
Micrometers
A specialist instrument used to take very accurate measurements. The thimble, which rotates as the micrometer is tightened, has 50 equal divisions around its diameter, giving an accuracy of 0.01mm.
A reading is taken by adding all the visible whole numbers to the nearest 0.5mm (the reading from thimble – between 0 and 0.49mm – is added to the main reading to get the exact measurement.
It is difficult to learn how to read it.
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8. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Coping saw
Cut curves in wood and plastics.
Has a thin, replaceable blade held in a frame with teeth pointing backwards, towards the handle.
Advantage:
Blade can be rotated easily to cut complex shapes and curves.
Blade can be removed from the frame so that pockets or windows can be cut out.
Disadvantage:
Blades easily broken due to their size.
Difficult to control when making straight cuts.
Blades can be put in the wrong way round.
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9. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Tenon saw
Used for cutting straight lines in wood. Used for general purposed joints but specifically used to cut shoulder of tenons in tenon and mortise joints.
Advantage:
Good general purpose woodworking saw.
Disadvantage:
Depth of cut limited to depth of blade.
KS4 Resistant Materials

10. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Dovetail saw
Used for small, accurate work such as dovetail joints.
Shorter than tenon saws.
Advantage:
Fine accurate cut.
Smaller teeth make it ideal for finer work.
Disadvantage:
Only appropriate for fine work.
Not robust enough for general purpose work.
KS4 Resistant Materials

11. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Why is better to have the teeth of the blade facing backwards towards to handle?
Adjustable hacksaw
Has a replaceable blade held in a frame.
Blade can be angled to cut difficult shapes or if the frame gets in the way of the piece being cut.
Blade can vary in length from 250 – 300mm.
Teeth face forwards.
Can be used for fine work or rough cutting out.
Advantage:
Can be used to make straight cuts in plastic and metals.
Blade can be removed from blade to cut out windows and pockets.
Disadvantage:
Blades easily snap or twist easily.
Blades can be put back in the wrong way round.
KS4 Resistant Materials

12. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Jack plane
Smooths and flattens wood to size.
Advantage:
Long and heavy so ideal for creating a flat surface.
Disadvantage:
Easily jammed if not correctly set.
Heavy to use.
KS4 Resistant Materials

13. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
How should plane an end grain?
Smoothing plane
Finishing a surface and for use on end grain.
Advantage:
Ideal for use on end grain due to its length.
Disadvantage:
Easily jammed if not correctly set.
KS4 Resistant Materials

14. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
block plane
Removes sharp edges and makes a bevelled edge.
Advantage:
Can be used in one hand.
Easy to create small bevels.
Disadvantage:
Easily jammed if not correctly set.
Not effect on large flat surfaces.
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15. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Firmer chisel
A general purpose chisel which has a square edge.
Bevel edged chisel
Has a bevelled blade that allows it to get into corners and is especially useful for cutting dovetails.
Mortise chisel
Have much deeper blades and are used with a mallet for cutting mortise gauge.
Gouge
Have curved blades and are used for carving.
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16. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Metal chisel
Used to cut sheet metal either by shearing across it or by shopping down on it vertically.
They have hardened and tempered cutting edge while the other end is left soft to absorb the impact from the hammer blows.
KS4 Resistant Materials

17. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Abrading tools
Rasp
Quick removal of waste wood.
Advantage:
Can be used like a file to create external curves.
Good on flat edges and surfaces.
Disadvantage:
Clogs up easily.
KS4 Resistant Materials

18. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Abrading tools
Surform
Fast removal of soft material.
Advantage:
Can be used on flat or 3D surfaces.
Disadvantage:
Blades can break easily.
KS4 Resistant Materials

19. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Files
Flat file
Removes waste on large flat surfaces quickly.
Can be used to create external curves.
Advantage:
Has a safe edge on one side to prevent cutting into edge when filing a corner.
Disadvantage:
Brittle and easily broken if dropped.
Teeth clog when filing soft material such as brass and aluminium (called pinning).
KS4 Resistant Materials

20. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Files
Round file
Creates curves and fillets.
Advantage:
Increases in diameter along the length so can be used on different sized holes.
Disadvantage:
Small cross-section makes it weak and easily broken.
KS4 Resistant Materials

21. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Files
Three square file
Cuts into corners less than 90o.
Advantage:
Useful between angles of 60o and 90o.
Disadvantage:
Cannot file angles smaller than 60o.
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22. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Drills
Twist drill
Twist of flute carries waste material away in the form of swarf.
Smaller sizes can be used in a hand drill.
Advantage:
Available in sizes from 0.5mm diameter to over 25mm.
Disadvantage:
Small drills prone to breaking if not used correctly.
KS4 Resistant Materials

23. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Drills
Flat bit
Used to drill a hole all the way through but will break through splintering wood on the underside.
Advantage:
Fast removal of waste with an electric drill.
Disadvantage:
Will split wood on the underside if not supported by another piece of wood.
KS4 Resistant Materials

24. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Drills
Countersink bit
Creates a depression for head of a countersink screw so that it sits flush with surface of material.
Advantage:
Can be used to create a range of countersink holes.
Disadvantage:
Will chatter if used at a high speed.
KS4 Resistant Materials

25. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Wasting tools
Drills
Hole saw
Used on thin materials or to make up large hole up to 150mm in diameter.
Used in an electric drill.
Advantage:
Widely used by plumbers and electricians to make holes for pipes and ducting.
Can be used on thick and thin sections of wood and plastic.
Disadvantage:
Have a tendency to burn if used at a too high speed.
Only come in set sizes.
KS4 Resistant Materials

26. KS4 Resistant Materials
Plenary
Quick notes
Each wasting tool is used for a very particular use. For example.
Planes smooth and finish wood
Chisels carve and cut metal or wood.
Abrading tools remove small particles of waste.
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27. KS4 Resistant Materials
Plenary
Exam questions
Which of the following is not a type of gauge.
A marking
B measuring
C mortise
D cutting
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28. KS4 Resistant Materials
Plenary
Exam questions
Which type of saw is shown below:
A coping saw
B dovetail saw
C jigsaw
D adjustable hacksaw
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29. Plenary
Exam questions
Which tools are marking out tools and which are wasting tools?
Complete the table below which shows some tools by filling in the missing names and uses.
Tools
Name
Use
Tape measure
Smoothing plane
Marking out two parallel lines on wood
Making very accurate measurements
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30. Plenary
Exam questions
Which tools are marking out tools and which are wasting tools?
A student needs to mark out 10 identical copies of the shape. The shape is marked out onto an acrylic sheet using a template and marking-out tool.
Name one marking out tool that can be used to mark around the template (1mark).
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