1. WORLD WAR II
Chapters 16-17

2. World War II: Prelude to Pearl Harbor, 1931-1941
Main Idea: As dictatorships rose in Asia and Europe, the U.S. tried to remain isolated. Official isolationism ended when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor

3. RISE OF FASCISM IN EUROPE AND ASIA
1925 – Mussolini became dictator in Italy
1931 – Japan invaded Manchuria (China)
1934 – Hitler seized power in Germany
1935 – Italy invaded Ethiopia
1936 – Rome-Berlin “Axis” formed
1937 – Japan launched full invasion of China (Peking)
1938 – Germany invaded Austria; Anschluss (union) proclaimed

4. WORLD WAR II BEGINS IN EUROPE
1938 – Munich Conference; Germany occupied the Sudetenland
1939 – Germany seized Czechoslovakia
1939 – Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
Sept 1, 1939 – Germany invaded Poland
1939 – France and Great Britain declare war on Germany

5. The U.S. and Japan
Japan seized Southern Indochina (including Vietnam) in 1941
FDR froze all Japanese assets in the U.S. and placed an embargo on Japan
U.S. demanded that Japan remove all forces from China and Indochina
Japan approved an attack on the U.S. on December 1

7. The Attack on Pearl Harbor
U.S. believed Japan would attack in Malaysia or the Philippines
Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor came on Sunday, December 7, 1941
2,323 servicemen killed, 1,100 wounded
150 aircraft, 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers sunk or damaged
3 aircraft carriers not in port

8. Battleship Row at Pearl Harbor

10. The USS Arizona burned for two days.

11. FDR signs the declaration of war against Japan.

12. World War II: Allied Strategies
Main Idea: The Allies postponed an invasion of western Europe until Italy was secured. Meanwhile, in the Pacific, the Allies used the strategy of “island hopping” to get closer to the main Japanese islands.

13. EUROPEAN STRATEGY
3 days after the U.S. declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.
The Allied strategy was get Hitler first, then Japan
The Allies defeated Germany in North Africa (Operation Torch) by 1943
Italy surrendered in June 1944

15. Defeat of Germany The Soviets moved into Eastern Europe in March 1944
Allies invaded Normandy on D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Operation Overlord)
Paris was liberated by August
In December the Germans drove the Allies back in Belgium in the Battle of the Bulge
American and Soviet forces met in Germany in April, 1945; Germany surrendered on May 7

16. Battle of the Bulge

17. Eisenhower giving instructions to paratroopers on D-Day

18. Troops landing on Omaha beach on D-Day

19. Strategy in the Pacific
Battle of Midway: Admiral Nimitz defeated a superior Japanese fleet and stopped the Japanese advance in the Pacific (June 1942). 4 Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk
Island Hopping: major Japanese islands were bypassed and air bases were established on smaller islands (started in1943)

21. The USS Yorktown under attack at Midway

22. The beginning of the end for Japan
Leyte Gulf (Oct. 1944): Most of Japan’s naval fleet defeated. Japan begins to use kamikaze attacks.
Iwo Jima (Feb. 1945): Heavily fortified; enabled the U.S. to bomb Tokyo
Okinawa (April-June 1945): 50,000 American casualties; Japan’s remaining defenses destroyed.

23. Marines carry the flag under fire at Iwo Jima

25. Kamikaze Attack

26. Kamikaze Attack

27. SPECIAL FIGHTING FORCES
Main Idea: Despite discrimination, ethnic groups contributed significantly to the Allied victory in WWII.
Navajo Code Talkers played a vital role at Iwo Jima

28. Tuskegee Airmen: African-American Squadron won two distinguished unit citations for fighting the Germans

29. 442nd Regimental Combat Team: Japanese-American unit that served in Italy and N. Africa, became the most decorated unit in U.S. history

30. FDR’s Foreign Policy and Wartime Conferences
Main Idea: The U.S., Great Britain and Russia planned wartime and post-war strategies at several conferences from 1941 to 1945.

31. FDR’s FOUR FREEDOMS shaped his foreign policy
Freedom From Fear
Freedom From Want

32. Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Worship

33. The Atlantic Charter Meeting
In Aug 1941 FDR and Churchill met secretly to plan for the post-war world and created an 8-point document that became the foundation for the United Nations

34. THE CASABLANCA CONFERENCE
In January, 1943
FDR and Churchill
rendezvoused in
Casablanca to
develop a strategy
to satisfy Stalin
who was
complaining that
the Allies were
delaying the
opening of a 2nd
front in Europe. It
was the first time a
U.S. president
ever left the
country during a
war.
The conference's Casablanca Declaration called for the Allies to seek the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers. It also called for Allied aid to the Soviet Union, the invasion of Sicily and Italy, and the recognition of joint leadership of the Free French by de Gaulle and Giraud. Also decided during the Casablanca Conference was that there would be no "across channel invasion" in Instead of invading Europe across the English Channel, an invasion into Sicily and then Italy would take place.

35. Casablanca Conference, Jan. 1943
FDR and Churchill met in French Morocco (Stalin declined invitation)
Planned for the invasion of Sicily and Italy (Operation Torch had begun in the summer of 1942)
Decided to invade France in 1944
Demanded "unconditional surrender“ from Axis powers

36. At Casablanca Churchill insisted that FDR go to Marrakech and watch the sun set over the Atlas Mountains. Churchill made a painting of the scene and presented it to FDR.

37. Teheran Conference, Dec. 1943
The Big Three (FDR, Stalin, Churchill)
Coordinated the Soviet offensive with the Allied invasion of France
Stalin committed to enter the war against Japan

38. Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945
The Big 3 discussed plans for post-war Europe
Germany would be divided into occupation zones (beginning of the Cold War)
Soviets agreed to enter the war against Japan 3 months after Germany surrendered and to hold free elections in Poland

41. Potsdam Conference, July 1945
Truman (US), Stalin (USSR), Atlee (GB)
Germany would be demilitarized
Korea would be divided
Nazi criminals would be tried at Nuremburg
Told Japan to surrender unconditionally or be destroyed
Truman learned of the successful testing of the atom bomb (kept it secret from Stalin)

42. Constitutional Issues and the Home Front
Main Ideas:
The civil rights of Japanese-Americans were violated during the war.
The war influenced the development of the civil rights movement.
The War began a trend towards big government and more intervention in personal lives.
4. New weapons and scientific developments helped the Allies win the war.

43. Japanese-American Internment
Executive Order #9066: FDR ordered Japanese-Americans living in CA, OR, AZ and WA to relocate to isolated camps
110,000 sent to 10 camps
Korematsu v. U.S.: 1944, Supreme Court upheld internment
In 1988 the government apologized and paid reparations to survivors.

44. Relocation order for the City and County of San Francisco

46. Location of camps

47. Demographic Changes
Women = 35% of work force but earned only 60% of what men earned
Worked in untraditional jobs (“Rosie the Riveter”)
Lost their jobs after the war ended
43 cities outside the South doubled their African-American population
Racial tension became a national issue
Defense industries in the West led to population shifts to the “sunbelt”

49. Pictures from Detroit riots, 1943
Worst riots of the decade; FDR sent federal troops; 9 whites, 25 blacks killed.

51. Demographic Changes
“Sunbelt” population doubled because of electronics and aerospace industries
CA became the most populous state
Cities lost population to the suburbs
“White Flight”
Levittown
Baby Boom
Birthrate peaked in 1957; declining ever since
Americans became more mobile, an average of 30 million people have moved every year since 1945.
The region known as the Sunbelt experienced the biggest jump in population. The increase in the Sunbelt doubled that in the Frostbelt (the industrial NE). The Rustbelt refers to the industrial Ohio Valley which suffered a loss of industry. CA became the most populous state with one out of every 8 Americans living here.
New jobs included the CA electronics industry, the aerospace industry in Florida and Texas and the huge military installations in the West.
White Flight was the move out of the cities to the suburbs. This was due partly to the availability of home loans from the Federal Housing Authority and the Veterans Administration and the standardization of the housing industry. The FHA exacerbated the problem of white flight by limiting loans to African-Americans claiming they were risky loans. The FHA also would not loan to other minority groups who were “unharmonious racial or nationality groups”. One of the earliest suburban development was Levittown on Long Island, New York, built in the 1940s.
The baby boom is the most dramatic post-war demographic change. 50 million children were born by the end of the 1950s. The birth rate increased until it crested in 1957 and has been declining ever since. In 1973 the birth rate dropped lower than the rate necessary to maintain existing population figures. This population bubble has had an important effect on American culture and economics and it will severely test the social security system in the next few decades.

52. Civil Rights During the War
Phillip Randolph (“Father of the Civil Rights Movement”) cancelled a protest march on Washington at FDR’s request in 1941
FDR established the FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission)
James Farmer established Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 1942
Truman ended segregation of the armed forces in 1948
In 1949 a federal law prohibited discrimination in civil service jobs

53. Phillip Randolph at the Lincoln Memorial

54. Growth of Government
FDR increased the power of the president by establishing new agencies
WPB (War Production Board) regulated the use of raw materials
OPA (Office of Price Administration) froze consumer prices and set up a system of rationing
Helped control inflation
Controversial because it limited what people could buy

55. Posters from the OPA helped build support for rationing

56. Major Scientific Developments
Office of Scientific Research and Development coordinated development of new weapons
jet fighters, bombers, rocket guns, radar, sonar, proximity fuse
U.S. Army developed the atomic bomb (Manhattan Project)
Penicillin and Sulfa drugs helped save lives

57. End of the War
Truman decided to use the atomic bomb because he believed it would end the war quicker and save American lives
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Marshall Plan provided economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild