1. Pregnancy and Childbirth
Chapter 5
The Developing Child
Page 138

2. Empathy Belly Choose a date to wear During one class period
Men and women both have the opportunity

3. Section 5-1 The Developing Baby
Key terms
Make flash cards with vocabulary word on one side and the definition on the other

4. Video Online the First nine months
YouTube - 9 months of pregnancy in less than 3 minutes

5. Conception
About once a month, an OVUM (female cell or egg) is released by one of a woman’s ovaries
The egg moves through the Fallopian tube to the UTERUS (the organ where the baby develops)
The journey takes about 2-3 days

6. Conception
When the egg reaches the uterus, it usually disintegrates and is flushed out of the body with the menstrual flow

7. Conception
Sometimes the egg meets and is fertilized by a SPERM (male cell)
When the ovum and sperm unite, CONCEPTION takes place and pregnancy begins

8. Fertilization
Can take place only 2-3 days after the ovum has been released
However, sperm can live up to 7 days
There is a time period of about 10 days each months when a female can become pregnant

9. Period of the Zygote The first stage in development
ZYGOTE (fertilized egg)
Time period lasts about 2 weeks
The zygote travels down the Fallopian tube and attaches itself to the thickened lining of the uterus
The zygote grows by cell division
Example
After 2 weeks it is the size of a pinhead

10. Period of the Embryo Second stage of pregnancy (EMBRYO)
Develops from the 3rd week to the 8th
The mass of cells develops into all major systems of the human body- heart and lungs, bones and muscle
A sac filled with fluid forms around the embryo ( AMNIOTIC FLUID)
A tissue called the (PLACENTA) develops
(UMBILICAL CORD) bring nourishment and takes away waste

11. Period of the Fetus Last stage of pregnancy
From the 8-9th week until birth
Divide into 9 groups:
Using the chart on pages , make a chart depicting a month of pregnancy
Include: Size and weight, development, description, and graphic

13. Preparing for Birth
During the 9th month, the baby drops into the birth canal (LIGHTENING)
Fetus is usually upside down- head near mother’s pelvis
Less active- little space to move
The muscles of the uterus and abdomen stretch up to 60 times their original size
And return within 6 weeks of birth

14. Length of Pregnancy
37-42 weeks
40 weeks most common

15. Section 5-2 Conception

16. Objectives Describe how personal characteristics are inherited
Explain the cause of multiple births
Evaluate different possible solutions for infertility

17. Key Terms
Chromosomes
Dominant
Genes
Infertility
Recessive
Surrogate

18. The Genetic Package
Each person inherits characteristics from both parents
Examples: eye color, hair color, body build, etc.
Musical ability
Medical conditions

19. Chromosomes
(CHROMOSOMES) tiny threadlike particles in the nucleus of every cell
At conception, every human baby receives 46
Chromosomes come in 23 pairs from mom and dad

20. Genes
(GENES) units that determine the child’s inherited characteristics
Each chromosome has thousands of genes

21. Dominant and Recessive Genes
(DOMINANT) stronger
(RECESSIVE) weaker
Example: mom has blue eyes and dad has brown
What color will the child have?
Child will probably have brown eyes

22. Making a unique person
Each sperm and egg contains a different combination of genes
When they combine in a fertilized egg, they produce a unique individual
Example: the child may have
The father’s eye color
The mother’s hair color
Grandfather’s dimples, etc.

23. The Sex of the Child Determined at conception Sex chromosomes: X and Y
Every egg cell contains an X chromosome
Each sperm cell contains either an X or Y
If the sperm that fertilized the egg carries an X the child is a girl (XX)
If the sperm carries a Y the child is a boy (XY)

24. Multiple Births Are determined at conception
Sometimes the mass of cells split in half soon after fertilization
Each clump of cells continues to divide and grow into a separate embryo
Result: (IDENTICAL TWINS)
Both began as one zygote
Same sex and characteristics

25. Fraternal Twins
Form when two eggs are released at the same time and each is fertilized
They grow side by side in the uterus
Different eggs and different sperm
Only similar as other siblings

26. Infertility The inability to become pregnant (INFERTILITY)
Medical advances improve chances to become pregnant
Perhaps there are physical problems:
Women’s ovaries are not releasing an egg each month
Weak sperm

27. Options for Infertile Couples
Adoption
Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization
Ovum transfer
Surrogate mother
Divide into five groups
Investigate a topic pages
Record your findings

28. Section 5-3 Problems in Prenatal Development

29. Losing a baby (MISCARRIAGE) baby dies before 20 weeks of pregnancy
(STILLBIRTH) baby dies after 20 weeks
Support groups help with mental pain
Surgery to remove fetus

30. Types of Birth Defects
Serious problems that threaten the baby’s health or ability to live
Hundreds of birth defects
Some are mild or can be corrected
Others are severe lifelong disabilities
Some may cause death
About 3 in every 100 births

31. Examples
Misshapen foot
Extra toe
Blindness
Etc.

32. Causes of Birth Defects
Don’t know what causes about 60%
Research is an on-going process
March of Dimes (hyperlink)
Found 4 main causes:
Environmental causes
Hereditary causes
Errors in chromosomes
Interaction of heredity and environment

33. Environmental Causes
Dependency on mother’s body for nourishment and oxygen
Diet
Harmful substances
Medicines
Exposure to outside hazards (radiation)

34. Hereditary Causes Thousands of genes make up a genetic profile
5-6% of recessive genes are imperfect
Usually not a problem
However, if each parent passes on the same recessive defective genes the gene becomes dominant
Males more prone: color blindness, hemophilia

35. Errors in Chromosomes
Example: too many or too few chromosomes in each of the baby’s cells
Not inherited
Most common Down syndrome
Extra chromosome 21

36. Interaction of Heredity and Environment
Example: inherit a tendency for a heart defect with another factor such as a drug or a virus
Example: cleft lip and spina bifida

37. Prevention Drugs, alcohol, caffeine avoidance Make healthy choices
Genetic counseling
Prenatal test:
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villi

38. Section 5-4 Avoiding Dangers
FAS (FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME)
Directly related to alcohol consumption
Affected by the stage of pregnancy in which the alcohol was consumed
Interferes with tissue growth and brain development
Don’t drink at all

39. Fetal alcohol syndrome

40. Other Drugs Prescription medicines Over-the-counter medicines Caffeine
Nicotine
Illegal drugs
Inhalants

41. X-rays Radiation from X-rays can cause birth defects
Both men and women should avoid X-rays before pregnancy
Abdominal shields

42. Rubella German measles Effects: Deafness Blindness Heart disease
Mental retardation

43. STDs Result in serious illness, deformity, or even death
Some can be treated
Some have no cures

44. AIDS If a woman has AIDS, baby may be at risk
Given treatment to reduce the chances that the baby will develop AIDS
Early testing is important

45. Birth Defects Pamphlet
assignment

46. The end
Karen Palmer
2010