1. PREGNANCY and CHILDBIRTH

2. The Developing Baby (section1)
Conception
Sperm penetrate and fertilizes the ovum
Pregnancy begins
Called Conception

3. All about the Woman Ovum
Approximately every 28 days an ovum (egg) is released by one of woman’s two ovaries
Ovulation – this occurs as part of the woman’s menstrual cycle
Hormones are released and woman’s body prepare the uterus in case ovum becomes fertilized
If fertilization does not occur, the lining that was formed in the uterus is shed as the monthly menstrual period

4. Uterus – The organ in the woman’s body in which new baby develops during pregnancy
It is pear shaped – about the size of your fist
Strongest muscle and is able to expand during pregnancy

5. When ovum released…travels through the Fallopian Tube…this connects the ovary to the uterus
This journey takes days
When ovum reaches the uterus it USUALLY disintegrates and leaves the body with the menstrual flow

6. If a sperm (male cell) reaches the Fallopian tube and penetrates the ovum…conception occurs
Ovum live about 12 – 24 hours

7. Sperm is capable of fertilizing an ovum about 48 – 72 hours
During a woman’s menstrual cycle…about three– four days that intercourse can lead to conception
If conception occurs as the baby is developing this is called
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

8. Stages of Pregnancy First Stage Formation of Zygote (fertilized egg)
Germinal Stage
First Stage
Formation of Zygote (fertilized egg)
Germinal Stage lasts about two weeks
Key Steps of Pregnancy Occur
Cell Division
Zygote grows by cell division while still in the fallopian tube
Rapid growth for about four days
Reaches the uterus
Implantation
Lining of uterus is thick enough for the zygote to attach itself and continue to grow
Zygote implants in the uterus
Size of the head of a pin

9. Stages of Pregnancy Embryonic Stage Baby is now called an embryo
Third week through about the eighth week of pregnancy
Rapid growth
Organs and body systems
Cells divide into major systems:
heart
lungs
bones
Muscles
Systems continue to grow and are too immature to function on their own

10. Neural tube – tube in the back of the developing baby – will become the brain and the spinal cord (Folic Acid in daily diet)
About 27 days after conception the neural tube closes and the brain begins to take control of the body systems
By sixth week, connections between brain and spine allow movements of embryo (mom cannot feel movements and she might not even know she is pregnant!)

11. At this time, brain is sensitive to damage from any drugs or alcohol mom might take
If any woman is engaging in activities in which she might conceive…it is imperative that she avoid all alcohol and drugs

12. A sac firms around the embryo…this is the amniotic sac
It is filled with amniotic fluid that cushions and protects the developing baby
The sac is formed from layers of cells in the uterus
The developing embryo is about 1 inch long

13. Placenta develops…tissue from special layers of cells in uterus
Rich in blood vessels and is attached to the walls of the uterus
Mom’s bloodstream carries food and oxygen to the placenta
Placenta absorbs oxygen and nourishment from mom’s blood and transports to the baby through the umbilical cord

14. Umbilical cord connects the baby to the placenta
Umbilical cord takes carbon dioxide and other waste products away from the baby and to the placenta
Umbilical cord is rarely flexible enough to loop around the baby’s neck
Umbilical cord and placenta provide everything the baby needs until birth

15. Fetal Stage
Longest stage begins about 8th or 9th week continues till baby’s birth
Developing baby is now called a “fetus”
Buds for 20 “baby teeth” appear
Vocal cords develop
Digestive system and kidneys begin to function
By end of third month spontaneous movements are possible

16. Development continues as fetus prepares to live independently
During fourth or fifth month fetus can touch the walls of the uterus when stretching or kicking…mom can now feel these
(Quickening)
Development continues as fetus prepares to live independently
Major organs become ready to function without mom’s help
Fat deposits accumulate under the skin
Fetus’ appearance becomes smoother and rounder
Fetus store nutrients and builds immunity to diseases and infections
By seventh baby is developed enough that it could live outside of the womb but needing a lot of medical help

17. Fetus continues to grow
Fetus can:
Suck its thumb
Cough
Sneeze
Yawn
Hiccup
Fetus continues to grow
Amount of amniotic fluid increases as fetus grows
Uterus expands
During last few months of pregnancy fetus doesn’t have a lot of room to stretch and takes on “fetal position”
Note page 108 and 109 in text book…fetal development month by month

18. Preparing for Birth Length of pregnancy… 40 weeks
280 days from last menstrual cycle
Toward end of 40 weeks baby’s weight shifts downward called “Lightening”
Baby’s head drops into birth canal
Most babies are born with head down
If seat down or feet down this is called Breech Presentation
Sometimes requires a Caesarian Birth
Even though mom’s uterus and abdomen have stretched to limits…they return to normal size and shape about six weeks after delivery

19. Closer Look at Conception
Heredity
Passing on of characteristics
Inherited characteristics
Physical characteristics
Predisposition of talents or abilities
Medical conditions

20. Chromosomes Genes Genome DNA
Tiny threadlike structures in nucleus of cell
At conception every human baby receives 46 chromosome
23 chromosomes from mom
23 chromosomes from dad
Genes
Genes determine a human’s inherited characteristics
Each chromosome has thousands of genes
Genome
Blueprint for each person
DNA
Genes are made up of DNA
Human’s 46 chromosomes make up that persons DNA
No one has identical DNA except identical twins

21. This gene is not expressed in the inherited characteristic
Each person receives two genes for every inherited characteristic one from mom and one from dad
If the genes are the same, that person inherits that characteristic
If the genes are different the characteristic is controlled by the stronger gene
Dominant Genes
The stronger gene
Recessive Genes
The weaker gene
This gene is not expressed in the inherited characteristic

22. Heredity tells us how people in a family resemble each other
Heredity also explains why people in a family look quite different
Each sperm and egg contain a different combination of genes
Sex of a child is determined at conception
Sex chromosomes come in two types X and Y
Each ovum in woman’s ovaries carries an X chromosome
Each sperm in the man’s body carries either an X or a Y chromosome
XX combination is a girl
XY combination is a boy

23. Multiple Births Identical Twins
Multiple Births – Birth to more than one child at a time
Twins the most common multiple birth
Identical Twins
Woman’s ovum is fertilized
Cell division occurs
Mass of cells split in half and two separate masses are present
Each mass of cells continues to divide and grow into separate embryos
One ovum
One sperm
Two babies
Same sex
Same DNA
Very similar physical characteristics

24. May be the same sex or one of each
Fraternal Twins
Two eggs are released at the same time
Each fertilized by two different sperm
Fraternal twins are siblings who happen to be in mom’s womb at the same time
May be the same sex or one of each
3% of all births are twins (3 out of 100 births)
23 out of 1000 births are fraternal twins
Out of this 1000 births only about 4 will be identical twins
Birth of 3 or more babies is rare
Rise in use of fertility treatments increases chance of greater number of babies

25. Family Planning
Every time a couple has intercourse, conception may take place
Contraception helps to prevent conception from occurring
Contraception methods do not eliminate the risk of STD’s
Abstinence is the only contraception method that will 100% prevent pregnancy
Methods of Family Planning
Page 119

26. Infertility Infertility is the inability to become pregnant
Affects both males and females
Treatments
Drugs
Procedures
Expensive
Invasive
Emotionally trying

27. Options for Infertile Couples
Adoption
Couple takes on all legal responsibilities of raising and loving and nurturing the child
Artificial Insemination
Doctor injects sperm into woman’s uterus
Timed with ovulation
Can have sperm donor
In Vitro Fertilization
Doctor combines ovum and sperm
If ovum becomes fertilized, doctor places zygote in woman’s uterus
If zygote attaches to uterine wall pregnancy takes place

28. Options for Infertile Couples
Ovum Transfer
Similar to in vitro but ovum has been donated
Surrogate Mother
Substitute mother becomes pregnant fo have a baby for another woman
A lot of legal arrangement