1. APPLICATION OF BETTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) IN SMALL HOLDER SHRIMP FARMS 2002-2006
Arief Taslihan, Richard B. Callinan, Derek Foster, Supito, Erick Sutikno, Lideman, and Saldyansah

2. BACKGROUND: How important is BMP to be implement?

3. WSD outbreaks have hammered Indonesian farmers during the past decade

4. Because of WSD, most farmers must emergency harvest their shrimp in the first 2 months post stocking

5. and leave many thousands of hectares of ponds (extensive, semi-intensive and intensive) idle and unmanaged

6. Typical smallholder farmer practices

7. Pond preparation Ponds are not well dried
Organic matter from previous crops accumulated in pond bottom as rich organic muddy soils
Removing blackish mud soil just put inside of the dike

8. Water pumping system without prior treatment

9. Selection and stocking of fry
Ponds are stocked with low quality PLs which have not been PCR tested
PL source hatchery is unknown (un-traceability)
Excessive stocking density

10. Typical problems during grow out
Overpopulation of benthic macro algae
Depletion of oxygen during early morning
Resulting mass mortality, presumably due to oxygen drop, characterized by swollen opercula
Developing WSD outbreak
When shrimp survive until the 3rd month, they frequently develop black gill disease (fouling) followed by low level mortality
Benthic macro algae
Uneven growth
WSD
‘Pinky disease’

11. In response, we developed a BMP program which we then:
validated using ‘key farmers’
extended farmer-to-farmer within farmer groups

12. Objectives of the BMP program
To reduce the risk of white spot disease in semi- intensive shrimp ponds
To improve farmers’ shrimp production
To alleviate poverty among coastal communities

13. BMP program was built around basic WSSV biosecurity for shrimp ponds
Stock PCR test negative PLs
Keep the virus out of the pond by setting a fencing around the pond to prevent introduction of virus carrier

14. 5 basic BMPs introduced in validation trials with key farmers
Proper pond soil preparation
Water treatment : elimination of WSSV carriers
Providing good quality seed, including two step PCR test negative for WSDV (OIE standard procedure)
Proper water quality management: providing paddle wheels as oxygen stabilizer
Better feed management

15. Jepara validations of BMP (July 2002- August 2003)
No. of ponds
Success*
Failure
Remarks 6 4 2
High salinity stress triggered WSSV outbreak during first trial
Percent successful: 67%

16. Implementation of BMP at farmers level

17. Location I: Sidoarjo

18. Total East Java implementation 2003-2006
Pond Location
Total ponds
Success-full crop (Ponds)
Failure
crop (Ponds)
Remarks
Candi sub district, Sidoarjo district 19 4 18 1
Prolong of dry season caused failure due to less water exchange
Tanggulangin sub. district, Sidoarjo district 6 3 2
Failure due to flood on day 75 of culture
Duduk Sampean sub.district Gresik district 5 14
Failure due to flood on day 85 of culture
Soil quality support successful crop
White: semi-intensive; yellow: traditional

19. Program dissemination at Sidoarjo

20. Location II: South Sulawesi trials 2003-2005

21. Result of South Sulawesi trials
Pond location
No. of ponds
success
Failure
Remarks
Pinrang 4 2
WSD; excessive stocking density, over loaded
Pangkep
Semi-intensive
Extensive
Farm layout and local environment made biosecurity unmanageable
Maros 1
Crop loss due to acid soil
Percent successful: 12%

22. Acid soil ponds, Maros case study
Premature harvest at day 95, without WSSV accident due to low water quality

23. Location III: Praya, West Nusatenggara (July – September 2006)

24. Implementation: July 2005 – September 2006
Total trial pond
Success-full*
Failure
Problems 4
4 (100%)
High salinity (~42 ppt)

25. Performance of trial pond at Peras, Central Lombok District, West Nusatenggara
Parameter
Pond 1
Pond 2
Pond area (m2)
5000
4000
Stocking density (Pl’s/m2)
(12 Pl’s/m2)
(12 Pl’s/ m2)
DOC (days)
129
Production (Kg/pond)
904.5
891.5
Production per hectare (Kg/ha)
1.809
2.228
Size (shrimp/kg) 63 47
FCR
1:1.5
1:1.6
Survival rate (%) 95 84

26. Performance of dissemination program 2002-2006
Total ponds
Success full crop
Loss crop
Percentage 76 61 15
80%

27. Workshop on BMP implementation 6-8 March 2006 in Surabaya
At the end of the project implementation, a three days workshop was conducted at Surabaya
BMP based experience in shrimp ponds was presented during the workshop
Workshop was participated 82 participants consisted of DGA staff, provincial and district fisheries agencies, farmers and stake holders

28. Continuing farmers participation on BMP implementation of post project
Area for BMP implementation has developed to > 30 Ha in Gresik
Strong participation of key farmers take important role in BMP implementation in the area

29. Expand farmer’s participation to implement BMP in Gresik district

30. Emerging lessons Key farmer character influenced program success
Local farm environmental conditions and biosecurity issues must be considered for program to succeed

31. Conclusions
Implementation of BMP program is likely to be successful only where the following conditions are satisfied:
Local environment is suitable for extensive and semi-intensive shrimp culture and allows farm bio-security
Hatcheries and reliable PCR test facilities are available locally
Farmers are enthusiastic about participating and are organized into groups; key farmer choice is critical
District/provincial government (Dinas Perikanan) must support program
Extension support from private sector is also important

32. Extension material
Books and VCDs have distributed to farmers around Java, Aceh, Riau, South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Kalimantan provinces

33. Thank you