1. Forelimb Imaging Quiz Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims
Approved by: Alison King & Maureen Bain
Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund

2. Forelimb Imaging Quiz START!
Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims
Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund

3. Set the scene…
Radiography is an essential part of the veterinary diagnostic process.
Let’s walk through the basics of the normal Dog Forelimb.
Don’t forget the other animals – at the end you should look at the comparative species x-rays!

4. Dog Forelimb Comparative Forelimb Cat Horse Ruminant Pig
Choose a question:
Shoulder (Q1)
Shoulder (Q2)
Elbow (Q3)
Elbow (Q4)
Carpus (Q5)
Foot (Q6)
Choose a species:
Cat
Horse
Ruminant
Pig

5. Dog Shoulder Q1 (i) What is A? (ii) What is B? (iii) What is C?
Cranial Border
Scapular spine
Infraspinous fossa
(ii) What is B?
Acromion process
Ventral angle
(iii) What is C?
Glenoid cavity
Supraglenoid tubercle A C B

6.  Correct  Yes! (A) is the Spine of the scapula!
Here are some more examples.
Try (ii)!
Choose a new question.
Spine
What can you say about the age of this dog?
Answer.
Spine A

7. Answer This is a young dog.
This is indicated by the presence of growth plates in the animal’s bones.
The growth plates mark the boundaries between Centres of Ossification.
Growth Plate
Go Back!

8.  Incorrect  No, (A) is not the Cranial Border.
The cranial border is labelled here.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Cranial border

9.  Incorrect  No, (A) is not the Infraspinous Fossa.
The Infraspinous Fossa is labelled here.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Infraspinous Fossa

10.  Correct  Yes! (B) is the Acromion process!
Can you tell which dog is older?
Answer.
Yes! (B) is the Acromion process!
Here are some more examples.
Try (iii)!
Choose a new question.
Acromion
Acromion

11. Answer The first dog is slightly younger.
Notice how the growth plate on the second dog has fused / closed. It is still open in the first dog.
Go Back!
Growth Plate

12.  Incorrect  No, (B) is not the Ventral Angle.
This x-ray shows the Ventral Angle.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Ventral Angle

13.  Incorrect  No, (B) is not the Scapular spine.
This x-ray shows the Scapular spine.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Spine

14.  Correct  Yes! (C) is the Supraglenoid Tubercle!
Here are some more examples.
Try Dog Shoulder Q2.
Choose a new question.
Supraglenoid Tubercle
Growth Plate

15.  Incorrect  No, (C) is not the Acromion process.
The Acromion process is labelled in this x-ray.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Acromion process

16.  Incorrect  No, (C) is not the Glenoid cavity.
The Glenoid cavity is labelled in this x-ray.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Glenoid cavity

17. Dog Shoulder Q2 (i) What is 6? (ii) What is 7? (iii) What is 8?
Caudal angle
Shoulder joint space
Intertubercular groove
(ii) What is 7?
Head of Humerus
Neck of Humerus
Greater Tubercle
(iii) What is 8?
Intertubercular Groove
(iv) Do you know what B is? Answer. B

18.  Correct  Yes! (6) is the Shoulder joint space!
This is where the Head of the Humerus articulates with the Glenoid Cavity of the Scapula to form the shoulder joint.
Here are more examples.
Try (ii)!
Choose a new question.
Shoulder joint space
Shoulder joint space

19.  Incorrect  No, (6) is not the Caudal Angle.
These x-rays show the Caudal Angle.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Caudal Angle
Caudal Angle

20.  Incorrect  No, (6) is not the Intertubercular Groove
The Intertubercular Groove is labelled in these x-rays.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Intertubercular Groove

21.  Correct  Yes! (7) is the Head of the Humerus!
Remember: the Head of the Humerus articulates with the Glenoid Cavity of the Scapula to form the shoulder joint.
Here are more examples.
Try (iii)!
Choose a new question.
Head of Humerus
Head of Humerus

22.  Incorrect  No, (7) is not the Neck of the Humerus.
Remember: the Neck extends from the Head to become the Body of the Humerus.
The Neck of the Humerus is labelled here.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Neck of Humerus
Neck of Humerus

23.  Incorrect  No, (7) is not the Greater Tubercle.
The Greater Tubercle is shown here.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Greater Tubercle

24.  Correct  Yes! (8) is the Greater Tubercle!
Here are some more examples.
Try (iv)!
Choose a new question.
Greater Tubercle

25.  Incorrect  No, (8) is not the Head of the Humerus.
The Head of the Humerus is shown here.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Head of Humerus
Head of Humerus

26.  Incorrect  No, (8) is not the Intertubercular Groove.
The Intertubercular Groove is shown here.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Intertubercular Groove

27. Answer B is an Endo-Tracheal Tube.
This is placed in the Trachea to provide anaesthetic and oxygen during procedures such as x-rays and surgery.
Here is another one.
Try Dog Elbow Q3
Choose a new question!
ET tube

28. Dog Elbow Q3 (i) What is 1? (ii) What is 2?
Anconeal Process
Olecranon Process
Medial Coronoid Process
(ii) What is 2?
(iii) Structure 2 articulates with which part of 7?
Olecranon Fossa
Supracondyloid Foramen
(iv) What is 5?
Radius
Ulna
(v) What is 6? 6 7 5
Change order of answers for 1 and 11

29.  Correct  Well done! (1) is the Olecranon process!
Remember: the Olecranon Process is the point of insertion for the Triceps muscle, the main extensor muscle of the elbow.
Here are more examples
Try (ii)!
Choose a new question.
Olecranon
Olecranon

30.  Incorrect  No, (1) is not the Anconeal Process.
Here are x-rays showing the Anconeal Process .
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Anconeal Process
Anconeal Process

31.  Incorrect  No, (1) is not the Medial Coronoid Process.
These x-rays show the Medial Coronoid Process.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Coronoid Process
Coronoid Process

32.  Correct  Well done! (2) is the Anconeal Process!
Remember: the Anconeal Process articulates with the Olecranon Fossa of the Humerus
Here are some more examples.
Try (iii)!
Choose a new question.
Anconeal Process
Anconeal Process

33.  Incorrect  No, (2) is not the Olecranon process.
Here are some x-rays showing the Olecranon process.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Olecranon
Olecranon

34.  Incorrect  No, (2) is not the Medial Coronoid Process.
Remember: the Medial and Lateral Coronoid Processes of the radius are the points of attachment for the annular ligament that holds the ulna in place.
The Coronoid Process is labelled in these x-rays.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Coronoid Process
Coronoid Process

35.  Correct 
Well done!
The Anconeal Process of the Ulna articulates with the Olecranon Fossa of the Humerus!
Try (iv)!
Choose a new question.
Olecranon Fossa
Anconeal Process
Identify species

36.  Incorrect 
No, the Anconeal Process does not articulate with the Supracondyloid Foramen.
This x-ray shows the Supracondyloid foramen
Remember: this is present in the cat but not the dog and blood vessels pass through it.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Supracondyloid Foramen
Need to replace

37.  Correct  Yes! (5) is the Ulna! Here are more x-rays of the Ulna.
Remember: the Ulna has the large Olecranon Process proximally and tapers distally in the dog.
Here are more x-rays of the Ulna.
Try (v)!
Choose a new question.
Ulna
Ulna

38.  Incorrect  No, (5) is not the Radius.
Here are some x-rays of the Radius.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Radius

39.  Correct  Yes! (6) is the Radius!
Remember: the Radius is the main weight bearing bone in the antebrachium
Here are more x-rays of the radius.
Try Dog Elbow Q2!
Choose a new question.
Radius

40.  Incorrect  No, (6) is not the Ulna.
Here are some x-rays of the Ulna.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Ulna
Ulna

41. Dog Elbow Q4 (i) What is 7? (ii) What is 8? (iii) What is 12?
Medial Coronoid Process
Medial Epicondyle
Lateral Epicondyle
(ii) What is 8?
Anconeal process
Olecranon process
Head of Radius
(iii) What is 12?
Distal humeral growth plate
Supracondyloid Foramen
Olecranon Fossa

42.  Correct  Yes! (7) is the Medial Coronoid Process!
Remember: the Medial and Lateral Coronoid Processes of the radius are the points of attachment for the annular ligament that holds the ulna in place.
Here are other x-rays showing the Medial Coronoid Process.
Try (ii)!
Choose a new question.
Coronoid Process
What can you say about the age of this animal?
Answer.
Coronoid Process

43. Answer This is a young dog!
Notice the growth plates – they are particularly obvious at the proximal end of the radius.
Go Back!

44.  Incorrect  No, (7) is not the Medial Epicondyle.
This x-ray shows the Medial Epicondyle.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Medial Epicondyle

45.  Incorrect  No, (7) is not the Lateral Epicondyle.
This x-ray shows the Lateral Epicondyle.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Lateral Epicondyle

46.  Correct  Yes! (8) is the Olecranon process! Here are more examples.
Try (iii)!
Choose a new question.
Olecranon
Olecranon

47.  Incorrect  No, (8) is not the Anconeal process.
These x-rays show the Anconeal process.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Anconeal process
Anconeal process

48.  Incorrect  No, (8) is not the Head of the Radius.
Head of Radius
No, (8) is not the Head of the Radius.
These x-rays show the Head of the Radius.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Head of Radius

49.  Correct  Yes! (12) is the Olecranon Fossa! Here is another example.
Try Dog Carpus Q1.
Choose a new question.
Olecranon Fossa

50.  Incorrect  No, (12) is not the
Distal Humeral growth plate / physis.
This x-ray shows the Distal Humeral growth plate / physis.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Distal humeral growth plate

51.  Incorrect  No, (12) is not the Supracondyloid Foramen.
Remember: this is only found in the cat!
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Supracondyloid foramen
This is a kitten foetus. The supracondyloid foramen can be seen forming.

52. Dog Carpus Q5 (i) What is 2? (ii) What is 4? (iii) What is 7?
Radial Carpal Bone
Distal Radial Epiphysis
(ii) What is 4?
Styloid Process of Ulna
Ulnar Carpal Bone
(iii) What is 7?
Accessory Carpal Bone
(iv) What is 10?
Second Carpal Bone
Fourth Carpal Bone
(v) Do you know the others now?
Answers.
Hint: Is this a young or old dog?

53.  Correct  Yes! (2) is the Distal Radial Epiphysis!
Here is another example.
Try (ii)!
Choose a new question.
Distal Radial Epiphysis

54.  Incorrect  No, (2) is not the Radial Carpal Bone.
These x-rays show the Radial Carpal Bone.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Radial Carpal Bone
Radial Carpal Bone

55.  Correct  Yes! (4) is the Styloid Process of the Ulna!
Here are more examples.
Try (iii)!
Choose a new question.
Styloid Process
Styloid Process

56.  Incorrect  No, (4) is not the Ulnar Carpal Bone.
These x-rays show the Ulnar Carpal Bone.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Ulnar Carpal Bone
Ulnar Carpal Bone

57.  Correct  Yes! (7) is the Accessory Carpal Bone!
Here are more examples.
Try (iv)!
Choose a new question.
Accessory Carpal Bone
Accessory Carpal Bone

58.  Incorrect  No, (7) is not the Ulnar Carpal Bone.
These x-rays show the Ulnar Carpal Bone.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Ulnar Carpal Bone
Ulnar Carpal Bone

59.  Correct  Yes! (10) is the 4th Carpal Bone! Here are more examples.
Try (v)!
Choose a new question.
4th Carpal Bone
4th Carpal Bone

60.  Incorrect  No, (10) is not the 2nd Carpal Bone.
The 2nd Carpal Bone is labelled in these x-rays.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
2nd Carpal Bone
2nd Carpal Bone

61. Answers Try Dog Foot Q1! Choose a new question.
2 = Distal Radial Epiphysis
4 = Styloid Process of Ulna
5 = Radial Carpal Bone
6 = Ulnar Carpal Bone
7 = Accessory Carpal Bone
8 = Second Carpal Bone
9 = Third Carpal Bone
10 = Fourth Carpal Bone
Try Dog Foot Q1!
Choose a new question.

62. Dog Foot Q6 (i) What is A? (ii) What are B? (iii) What is C?
Fifth Metacarpal Bone
Proximal Phalanx -1st digit
Proximal Phalanx - 5th digit
(ii) What are B?
Ungual Process
Proximal Palmar Sesamoids
Metacarpal pad
(iii) What is C?
Metacarpo-phalangeal Joint
Distal Inter-phalangeal Joint
Proximal Inter-phalangeal Joint B A C

63.  Correct  Yes! (A) is the 5th Metacarpal Bone!
Here is another example.
Remember: you can use the location of the 1st digit / dew claw (if present) to determine which side of the limb is medial.
Note though that this image has been presented with medial to the left while in the previous example it was to the right!
Try (ii)!
Choose a new question.
5th Metacarpal
Bone
1st digit

64.  Incorrect  No, (A) is not the Proximal Phalanx – 1st Digit.
These x-rays show the
1st Digit / dew claw
Remember: there only 3 bones present in this digit and there is debate as to which these are (3 phalanges or metacarpal + 2 phalanges)
Try again!
Choose a new question.
1st Digit
1st Digit

65.  Incorrect 
No, (A) does not show the Proximal Phalanx – 5th Digit.
These x-rays show the Proximal Phalanx – 5th Digit.
Remember that you can use the location of the styloid process of the ulna (*) to determine which side of the limb is lateral
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Proximal Phalanx
– 5th Digit *
Proximal Phalanx
– 5th Digit

66.  Correct  Yes! (B) are the Proximal Palmar Sesamoids. Try (iii)!
Here is another example.
Note that the proximal, middle and distal phalanges have been amputated from the 5th digit
Try (iii)!
Choose a new question.
Proximal Palmar Sesamoids

67.  Incorrect  No, (B) is not the Ungual Process.
This x-ray shows Ungual Processes.
Remember that they are located on the distal phalanx and support the nail
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Ungual Processes

68.  Incorrect  No, (B) is not the Metacarpal pad
These x-rays show the Metacarpal pad.
Remember that it is superimposed over the metacarpal joints in the DP view (1st image) but can be seen more clearly in the lateral view (2nd image).
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Metacarpal pad
Metacarpal pad

69.  Correct  Yes! (C) is the Proximal Inter-phalangeal Joint.
Here are more examples, this time of the 5th digit.
Look at the comparative section.
Choose a new question.
Proximal Inter-phalangeal Joint
Proximal Inter-phalangeal Joint

70.  Incorrect  No, (C) is not the Middle Inter-phalangeal Joint.
These x-rays show Metacarpo-phalangeal Joints.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Metacarpo-phalangeal Joint
Metacarpo-phalangeal Joint

71.  Incorrect  No, (C) is not the Distal Inter-phalangeal Joint.
These x-rays show the Distal Inter-phalangeal Joints.
Try again!
Choose a new question.
Distal Inter-phalangeal Joint
Distal Inter-phalangeal Joint

72. Cat Forelimb – Differences
Clavicle may be visible
Scapula
Suprahamate Process of Acromion
Humerus
Supracondyloid Foramen
Ulna & Radius
Square Olecranon
Clavicle
Supracondyloid foramen
Horse Comparative.

73. Horse Forelimb – Differences
Foal – ulna fusing to radius.
Navicular Bone
Bones of carpus:
Radial, Intermediate,
Ulnar and Accessory
2nd, 3rd & 4th
3rd Digit bears weight.
2nd & 4th Metacarpals = splint bones
Ruminant Comparative.

74. Ruminant Forelimb - Differences
Cartilage plate not visible in x-rays
Metacarpals 3 & 4 fused
Supratrochlear Foramen present in sheep but not cattle.
Radius & Ulna complete
Bones of Carpus:
Radial, Intermediate, Ulnar & Accessory
2/3 fused (+)& 4 +
Digits 3&4 bear weight
Pig Comparative.

75. Pig Forelimb - Differences*
Large tuber on scapular spine (*)
Radius & Ulna present and similar diameter.
All carpal bones present:
R / I / U / A
1 / 2 / 3 / 4
4 digits present:
3 & 4 bear weight.
Back to the start.