1. HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Hungarians first stop was in Transylvania The “gyula” vs. St. Steven

2. About the origin of the Székelys Descendants of the in the 11th century from Hungary resettled people Descendants of Attila’s Huns

4. Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom After the Mongol Invasion Voivodes (vajdák) as the lord of the territory By the end of the 13th century the royal county structure disintegrated

5. Székelys Similar to the nobility The „seats” (székek): Udvarhely, Maros, Csík, Aranyos, Sepsi, Kézdi, Orbai Saxon (szász) and Romanian seats The diets at Thorenburg (Torda) The Ottoman threat János Hunyadi

7. The establishing of the Principality of Transylvania The Ottomans and the Habsburgs John Szapolyai (Szapolyai János) vs. Habsburg Ferdinand The three parts of Hungary Transylvania as a political entity –the Unions of the Three Estates (1437, 1459) –the Diet of Torda (1542): John Sigismund (János Zsigmond) was elected Prince

8. Szapolyai

10. Stephen Báthori 1571-1586 Reformation and Religious freedom Stephen Bocskai 1604-1606

11. Gábor Bethlen vs. Habsburgs He was elected King of Hungary in 1620 Immigration of Vlachs (Romans) Transylvanian Renaissance

12. The Principality of Transylvania 1683-1790 Imre Thököly The peace of Karlóca The Kuruc Rebellion The changing of the ethnic balance

13. The Principality of Transylvania 1790-1867 Nationalism and liberalism Transylvania’s population in 1841 Total: 2.14 million inhabitants –1.29 million Romanians, –606.000 Hungarians, –214.000 Germans, –19.900 Gypsies, –9.100 Armenians (örmények), –3.155 Jews

14. Backward agriculture and economy The events of 1848 The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (kiegyezés) (1867) → Transylvania lost her political autonomy

15. Transylvania as a part of the Hungarian Kingdom (1867-1920) Magyarization → passivism World War I On November 11th 1918, Emperor Karl I. abdicated The Peace of Trianon