1. The Representational Level in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld ACLC-University of Amsterdam keeshengeveld.nl

2. The Representational Level in FDG2 Contents Semantics in FDG The structure of the Representational Level Propositional Contents Episodes States-of-Affairs Configurational Properties Lexical Properties Individuals Other semantic categories

3. Semantics in FDG

4. The Representational Level in FDG4 A restricted definition of semantics The relation that obtains between language and the world it describes: designation (ideation, Darstellung, representation) Semantic categories are independent of interpersonal function Universal semantics not presupposed

5. The Representational Level in FDG5 Designation Peter told her that John was ill. Thats not true (John wasnt ill/Peter didnt tell her) Im telling you that John is ill. Thats not true (John isnt ill/*You are not telling me)

6. The Representational Level in FDG6 Functions and categories: Turkish Öğretmengel-iyor-Ø-Ø. teachercome-PROGR-PRES-3SG 'The teacher is coming. Bu erkeköğretmen-Ø-Ø. DEMmanteacher-PRES-3SG 'This man is a teacher.'

7. The Representational Level in FDG7 Functions and categories: Turkish Öğretmengel-iyor-Ø-Ø. teachercome-PROGR-PRES-3SG 'The teacher is coming. T I R I (e i : [(f i : gel- (f i ))(x i : (f j : öğretmen (f j )) (x i )) Ø ] (e i ))

8. The Representational Level in FDG8 Functions and categories: Turkish Bu erkeköğretmen-Ø-Ø. DEMmanteacher-PRES-3SG 'The man is a teacher.' T I R I (e i : [(x i : (f j : öğretmen (f j )) (x i )) (x j : (f k : erkek (f k )) (x j )) Ø ] (e i ))

9. The Representational Level in FDG9 Functions and categories: Turkish T I R I (e i : [(f i : gel- (f i ))(x i : (f j : öğretmen (f j )) (x i )) Ø ] (e i )) T I R I (e i : [(x i : (f j : öğretmen (f j )) (x i )) (x j : (f k : erkek (f k )) (x j )) Ø ] (e i ))

10. The Representational Level in FDG10 Functions and categories: English I approached the lion cautiously. T I :T J R I R J (e i : [(f i : approach- (f i ):(f j : cautiously (f j )) (f i ))(x i : I (x i ))(x j : lion (x j ))] (e i ))

11. The Representational Level in FDG11 Functions and categories: English The way that I approached the lion was cautiously. T J R K :R I T I R J (e i : [(f j : cautiously (f j ))(f i : --way thatI approachedthe lion--(f i )] (e i ))

12. The Representational Level in FDG12 Functions and categories: English T I :T J R I R J (e i : [(f i : approach- (f i ):(f j : cautiously (f j )) (f i ))(x i : I (x i ))(x j : lion (x j ))] (e i )) I approached the lion cautiously. T J R K R I T I R J (e i : [(f j : cautiously (f j ))(f i : --way thatI approachedthe lion--(f i )] (e i )) The way that I approached the lion was cautiously.

13. The Representational Level in FDG13 Function-free semantics The semantic nature of a linguistic unit is independent of the function in which it is used.

14. The Representational Level in FDG14 Universal semantics? English Peter is going to Paris. Peter is staying at the Ritz. Peter is coming from Paris.

15. The Representational Level in FDG15 Universal semantics? Portuguese Vou n-a igreja. go.1.SG.PRESLOC-DEFchurch I am going to the church. Est-ou n-a igreja. be-1.SG.PRESLOC-DEFchurch I am in the church. Venho d-a igreja. come.1.SG.PRESLOC-DEFchurch I am coming from the church.

16. The Representational Level in FDG16 Universal semantics? Tariana Na-pidanauni-se. 3PL.go-REM.PAST.REPwater-LOC 'They went into water. Nawikipa:-putsita-senehpani-pidana. peopleone-CL-LOC3PL.work- RPST.REP 'People were working on a clearing.' H ĩ wyaka-seka-nu-ka r u DEM.ANIMfar-LOCREL-come-PAST.REL.F she who came from far'

17. The Representational Level in FDG17 LOC/ALL/ABL EnglishPortugueseTariana LOCatem-se ALLto ABLfromde

18. The Representational Level in FDG18 Universal semantics? Chickasaw Sa-ttola. 1.sg-fall.down 'I ( -C Ag) fell down (by accident). Ittola-li. fall.down-1.sg 'I ( +C Ag) fell down (on purpose).'

19. The Representational Level in FDG19 Universal semantics? Spanish (Él) rompió elvaso. ( 3SG )break. 3SG.PAST.PFDEF glass. He broke the glass (on purpose). Se le rompió elvaso. REFL3SG.DAT break. 3SG.PAST.PFART glass He broke the glass (by accident). The glass broke to him.

20. The Representational Level in FDG20 Semantic categories DescriptionVariableExample Propertyfcolour Individualxchair State-of-Affairsemeeting Propositional Contentpidea Locationltop Timetmoment Episodeepincident Mannermway Reasonrreason Quantityqlitre

21. The Representational Level in FDG21 Semantic categories DescriptionVariableExample Propertyfweak-ness Individualxpaint-er State-of-Affairseexplora-tion Propositional Contentpwish-Ø Locationlbak-ery

22. The Representational Level in FDG22 Semantic categories basic interrogative words basic demonstrative words nominali- zations xIndividualwho, whatthis, thatbrew-er lLocationwherethere, herebrew-ery tTimewhenthen, now-- mMannerhowthus-- rReasonwhy-- qQuantity--

23. The Representational Level in FDG23 Semantic categories: demonstratives Language xlmt Kwaza Cubeox Apalaíxl Hixkaryanaxlm Tarianaxlmt

24. The Representational Level in FDG24 Semantic categories q x l m t r

25. The structure of the Representational Level

26. Frames, Lexemes, Primary operators Templates, Auxiliaries, Secondary operators Interpersonal Level Representational Level Formulation Morphosyntactic Encoding Morphosyntactic Level Phonological Encoding Phonological Level Prosodic patterns, Morphemes, Tertiary operators

27. The Representational Level in FDG27 Representational Level (π p 1 :Propositional Content (π ep 1 :Episode (π e 1 : State-of-Affairs [(π f 1 :[Configurational Property (π f 1 )Lexical Property (π x 1 ) Φ Individual ] (f 1 ))Configurational Property (e 1 ) Φ ])State-of-Affairs (ep 1 ))Episode (p 1 ))Propositional Content

28. The Representational Level in FDG28 Layers (π v 1 : [h (v 1 ) Φ ]: [σ (v 1 ) Φ ]) (π v 1 : [h (v 1 ) Φ ]: [σ (v 1 ) Φ ]) Head (π v 1 : [h (v 1 ) Φ ]: [σ (v 1 ) Φ ]) Modifier (π v 1 : [h (v 1 ) Φ ]: [σ (v 1 ) Φ ]) Operator

29. Propositional Contents

30. The Representational Level in FDG30 Propositional Contents Propositional contents are mental constructs that do not exist in space or time but rather exist in the minds of those entertaining them. They may be qualified in terms of propositional attitudes (certainty, doubt, disbelief) and/or in terms of their source or origin (shared common knowledge, sensory evidence, inference). (π p 1 : [(ep 1 )... (ep 1+n ) {Φ} ] (p 1 ): [σ (p 1 ) Φ ])

31. The Representational Level in FDG31 Propositional Contents Unable to collect from the responsible party, the original card-holder, the credit grantor hopes that maybe the authorized user will pay to keep their credit record clean. He believes that maybe the effect of the PeptoBismol® is due to its color.

32. The Representational Level in FDG32 Propositional Contents vs Communicated Contents Unable to collect from the responsible party, the original card-holder, the credit grantor hopes that *reportedly the authorized user will pay to keep their credit record clean. He believes that *reportedly the effect of the PeptoBismol® is due to its color.

33. The Representational Level in FDG33 Propositional Contents vs Communicated Contents Allegedly the area stimulated for the upper plexus would presumably include C7. Even some of C.'s friends reportedly are suggesting maybe he ought to cut back.

34. The Representational Level in FDG34 Propositional Contents vs Communicated Contents Tsafiki Manuelanofi-nu-ti-e. Manuelfoodeat-INFER-REP-DECL It is said Manuel must have eaten.

35. Episodes

36. The Representational Level in FDG36 Episodes Episodes are combinations of States-of- affairs that are thematically coherent, in the sense that they show unity or continuity of Time (t), Location (l), and Individuals (x). They may be modified by expressions of absolute tense (π ep 1 : [(e 1 )... (e 1+N ) {Φ} ] (ep 1 ): [σ (ep 1 ) Φ ])

37. The Representational Level in FDG37 Episodes Swahili Ni-li-kwendasoko-ni,ni-ka-nunuandizi 1.SG-PST-gomarket-LOC1.SG-SUBS-buybanana sita,ni-ka-latatu,ni-ka-mpa six1.SG-SUBS-eatthree1.SG-SUBS-give mwenz-angutatu. companion-1.SG.POSSthree I went to the market, and bought six bananas; I ate three and three I gave to my companion.

38. The Representational Level in FDG38 Episodes Coming out, stopping to check the mailbox, taking a look at the driveway and pausing to adjust his hat, he walked to his car.

39. The Representational Level in FDG39 Episode versus Propositional Content Probably [he left for Berlin yesterday] and [she will go to London tomorrow]. Wanka Quechua Paaga-llaa-shrayki-chra-a pay-POLITE-1>2.FUT-INFR-EMPH I suppose Ill pay you, then.

40. States-of-affairs

41. The Representational Level in FDG41 States-of-affairs States-of-affairs are entities that can be located in relative time and can be evaluated in terms of their reality status. They may be modified by expressions specifying the relative time of occurrence, location of occurrence, frequency of occurrence, reality status and others (e 1 : [[(f 1 : [...] (f 1 ))... (f 1+N : [...] (f 1+N )) {Φ}n ] (e 1 ) Φ ])

42. The Representational Level in FDG42 States-of-affairs Sheila went out before dinner. (Relative Time) Sheila works in London. (Location) Sheila goes to London frequently. (Frequency) Sheila is really a guy. (Reality)

43. The Representational Level in FDG43 States-of-affairs vs. Episodes Hausa Jiya da 3:00 sun shiga. yesterdayat3:003.PL.ANTenter Yesterday at three they had entered. Gobe da 3:00sun shiga. tomorrowat3:003.PL.ANTenter Tomorrow at three they will have entered.

44. The Representational Level in FDG44 States-of-affairs vs. Episodes Hausa da 3:00 sun shiga. at3:003.PL.ANTenter At three they had entered. da 3:00sun shiga. at3:003.PL.ANTenter At three they will have entered.

45. Configurational Properties

46. The Representational Level in FDG46 Configurational Properties Configurational Properties constitute the inventory of predication frames relevant to a language and designate a situational concept, i.e. characterize a set of States-of- affairs They can be modified by aspectual expressions, among others (π f 1 : [(v 1 ) (v) Φn ] (f 1 ): [σ (f 1 ) Φ ])

47. The Representational Level in FDG47 Quantitative valency Spanish Est-á nev-ando. AUX-3.SG.PRSsnow-PROG It is snowing. Turkish Karyağ-ıyor-ø. snowrain-PROG-3.PRES It is snowing.

48. The Representational Level in FDG48 Quantitative valency Chinese Wŏgěinĭdàochá. Igiveyoupourtea Ill pour you some tea.

49. The Representational Level in FDG49 Qualitative valency: semantic categories (f 1 : [(f 2 ) (x 1 ) Φ (l 1 ) Φ ] (f 1 )) 'Charles lives in Antwerp. (f 1 : [(f 2 ) (e 1 ) Φ (e 2 ) Φ ] (f 1 )) 'The heavy rainfall caused a lot of problems.

50. The Representational Level in FDG50 Qualitative valency: semantic functions (f 1 : [(f 2 ) (x 1 ) A (x 2 ) U (x 3 ) L ] (f 1 ): (x 4 ) Ben (f 1 )) Will you give Mary these flowers for me?

51. The Representational Level in FDG51 Qualitative valency: semantic functions Spanish Megust-anlasfresa-s. 1.SG.RECplease-3.PL.PRSDEF.PLstrawberry-PL I like strawberries. Portuguese Eugost-odemorango-s. 1.SG.NOMlike-1.SG.PRSfromstrawberry-PL I like strawberries.

52. The Representational Level in FDG52 Configurational Properties vs. State-of- affairs He had been reading the newspaper. He has been reading the newspaper. He will have been reading the newspaper.

53. Lexical Properties

54. The Representational Level in FDG54 Lexical Properties Basic building blocs Properties exist only when they can be applied to other semantic categories They can be modified by e.g. expressions of degree

55. The Representational Level in FDG55 Lexical Properties (f i : man (f i )), (f j : intelligent (f j )), (f k : high (f k )) (f j : intelligent (f j ): [(f k : high (f k )) (f j ) U ]) highly intelligent (x i : [(f i : man (f i )) (x i ) U ]: [(f j : intelligent (f j ): [(f k : high (f k )) (f j ) U ]) (x i ) U ])

56. The Representational Level in FDG56 Lexical Properties vs Configurational Properties She usually dances beautifully. *She beautifully dances usually.

57. Individuals

58. The Representational Level in FDG58 Individuals Individuals are concrete, tangible entities occupying a portion of space They can be modified by a wide range of modifiers specifying colour, shape, weight, quantity, location, etc. (x 1 : [(f 1 ) (x 1 ) U ])

59. The Representational Level in FDG59 Individuals this beautiful painting three glasses of wine

60. Further semantic categories

61. The Representational Level in FDG61 Furter semantic categories Location Time Manner Reason Quantity

62. The Representational Level in FDG62 Only if there is evidence Chichewa yend-etska-yend-ets-edwe go-CAUSCL-go-CAUS-MANN.NR 'drive/flying''manner of driving/flying Rukai lokal-akəcəl-aəalaka-i ifTMPNR-STAT.NONF.cold-TMPNRbecause-3.SG.GEN o-kaoθ-inaməkoloto. DYN.FIN-not.exist-1.PL.EXCL.OBJblanket 'In the winter, we did not have any blanket.'

63. The Representational Level in FDG63 Representational Level (π p 1 :Propositional Content (π ep 1 :Episode (π e 1 : State-of-Affairs [(π f 1 :[Configurational Property (π f 1 )Lexical Property (π x 1 ) Φ Individual ] (f 1 ))Configurational Property (e 1 ) Φ ])State-of-Affairs (ep 1 ))Episode (p 1 ))Propositional Content

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