1. Reproduction and attracting mates: Flowers (including zygomorphy, pollination, flowering time)

2. Questions Discussions: Any questions?
Maria M: posting paper and questions for this week
Jon: will be picking a paper to post for next week
Peter Stevens is taking students around Orchid house at gardens at 10 am probably on Saturday. Let him or me know if you are interested.
Any questions?

3. What’s a flower? What’s it for?

4. Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

5. Flower evolution
mya
Modified leaves (why?)

6. What’s a flower? What’s it for?
Reproductive structure of angiosperms:
Heterosporangiate typically consisting of androecium, gynoecium, usually surrounded by a perianth and borne on an axis or receptacle

7. Flower morphology Pedicel Flower parts in whorls: (4,5’s or 3’s)
Calyx (sepals), Corolla (petals), Androecium (stamens with anther, filament), Gynoecium (pistils with stigma, style, ovary)

8. Symmetry
Actinomorphic (radially symmetric) vs zygomorphic (1 bisecting line of symmetry)
Asymmetric: uncommon (Cannanceae, Marantaceae)

9. Flower vs. Inflorescence
Cercidiphyllum

10. Breeding systems: outcrossing and inbreeding
Spatial:
Flower: perfect (both sexes) vs. imperfect (1 sex)
Plant: monoecious (1 sex) vs. dioecious (both sexes)
Heterostyly

11. Breeding systems: outcrossing and inbreeding
Temporal: Dichogamy
Protandry: stamens before carpels
Protogyny: carpels before stamens

12. Pollination syndromes
Animal: Insects, birds, bats
Rewards: Nectar, pollen, fragrance, oils
Attract pollinators: Scent, color patterning, mimicry (Orchidceae)
Abiotic: Wind and water
Self pollinated, Cleistogamous

13. Evolution of oil production and collection
Renner and Schaefer Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 365:
Bees collect oil for larvae and pollinate flowers
Question: When and how often oil-offering flowers and oil-foraging bees evolved?

14. Oil and bees
Renner and Schaefer Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 365:
Question: When and how often oil-offering flowers and oil-foraging bees evolved?
Oil flowers evolved at least 28 times and lost times. Oldest just after the K/T boundary65 mya in America (Melpighiaceae) and Africa (Curcurbitaceae, and Laurasia (Myrsinaceae) taxa
Bees evolved oil foraging at least 7 times with earliest at least Mya (but probably older)

15. Phylogenies

16. Build ups

17. Evolution of floral morphology

18. Evolution of floral morphology

19. Question
Is flower symmetry associated with changes in speciation rates mediated via pollinators?

20. Question
Is flower symmetry associated with changes in speciation rates mediated via pollinators?
Suggest bilaterally symmetrical flowers can restrict pollinator access to flowers, direct pollen placement, and lead to greater reproductive isolation
Predict that bilaterally symmetrical flowers have higher speciation rates than radially symmetrical flowers

21. Question
Is flower symmetry associated with changes in speciation rates mediated via pollinators?
Corolla symmetry data for animal pollinated families from the literature
Sister-group comparisons (40 zygomorphic clades and 19 comparisons)
Building an angiosperm tree and mapping on zygomorphy
Looking for the actinomorphic sister
Getting number of species in family from literature

22. Evolution of floral morphology
Zygo-Actino species
* = Actino
† = Zygo

23. Question
Is flower symmetry associated with changes in speciation rates mediated via pollinators?
In 15/19 comparisons zygomorphic clade was more diverse than actinomorphic clade