1. Issues with low concentration gas detection in ambient air: Sub-ppm and ppb detection are not just business as usual.

2. Presented by: ETA Associates and Interscan Corporation

3. KEY POINT Once you enter the world of low concentration measurements, issues that previously were hidden are now magnifiedand are thus all too apparent.

4. Compliance levels are always being lowered So this is… Far from just an academic concern

5. Calibration issues

6. At best, it will be difficult! Permeation tubes, usually not cylinder gas

7. A permeation tube is a sealed permeable membrane containing solid, liquid or liquefiable gases that permeate through the walls of the membrane at a constant rate.

8. The device is maintained at a constant temperature to establish constant vapor pressure inside the device. The vapor escapes through the walls of the permeable membrane at a constant rate as long as the set point temperature is maintained.

9. A measured flow of an inert gas is passed through the permeation chamber resulting in known volumetric concentration in ppm/ppb. By varying the dilution flow rate one is able to generate a wide range of concentrations using a single device.

11. There is an alternative Electronic Calibration Service (ECS)

12. A certified spare sensor is kept on hand, to be put into the instrument, while the presently used sensor is sent back to the factory for re- certification. The ECS certification details zero and span adjustments that are to be made on the instrument, to set it up with the specified newly certified sensor.

13. For some gases… Even permeation tubes are not available e.g. H 2 O 2

14. In such cases…. Specialized lab techniques will be required With ECS or a surrogate to the customer

15. Zero gas issues

22. Interference issues

23. Can become significant at lower range measurements

24. The effect of NO 2 on SO 2 measurements OSHA PEL for SO 2 is 5 ppm

25. 24 ppm NO 2 will produce a 1 ppm negative effect on SO 2 And, thats not so bad

26. The effect has been magnified by a factor of ten And, can now become a problem

27. Calibration issuesCalibration issues 1 Zero gas issuesZero gas issues 2 I n t e rf e r e n c e is s u e sI n t e rf e r e n c e is s u e s 3

28. Joel Myerson Special thanks to… Caroline Ronten