1. European Commission - DG Environment MINISTERIO DE FOMENTO CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS Y EXPERIMENTACIÓN DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PLANIFICACIÓN Y COORDINACIÓN TERRITORIAL SECRETARÍA DE ESTADO DE INFRAESTRUCTURAS Y PLANIFICACIÓN Environmental Objectives for Transport Jacques Delsalle European Commission European Commission DG Environment, Clean Air and Transport Unit Encuentro: Objetivos ambientales Madrid, 14 de octubre de 2004

2. European Commission - DG Environment Jacques Delsalle European Commission European Commission DG Environment, Clean Air and Transport Unit Environmental Objectives for Transport Madrid, 14 October 2004

3. European Commission - DG Environment Agenda l Integration Transport – Environment m Setting Environmental Objectives l Air Pollution m C.A.F.E. Baseline m Setting Targets for Clean Air l Climate Change l Nature and Biodiversity l Conclusions

4. European Commission - DG Environment Integration Transport-Environment l Integration Transport – Environment m Setting Environmental Objectives l Air Pollution m C.A.F.E. Baseline m Setting Targets for Clean Air l Climate Change l Nature and Biodiversity l Conclusions

5. European Commission - DG Environment Background: Cardiff, Lisbon, Gothenburg l 1998 : Cardiff: sector-wide strategies for the promotion of environmental integration in all policy areas. Transport strategy submitted to Helsinki Council October 1999. l 2000 : Lisbon process : make the EU the most dynamic and competitive economic region of the world. l 2001: Gothenburg: Integrate environmental concerns into Lisbon process. m Assess progress against economic, social and environmental indicators. m New approach to policy-making and emphasised improved policy co-ordination (e.g. internalisation of external costs) m Extended Impact Assessment for all major Commission proposals

6. European Commission - DG Environment Integration : how it works (or should work…) Environmental policymakers Being explicit about what is to be achieved from the environmental point of view. Transport sector Find out how this is best achieved (mix of policies that best accommodate all objectives, including the environmental ones) Better knowledge of environmental impact Better knowledge of social costs of measures Knowledge: Information, Indicators Models, Integrated assessment Cost Benefits Analysis (valuation external costs) Policy: Long term and intermediate targets Economic Instruments Focus on sensitive areas

7. European Commission - DG Environment Indicators: T.E.R.M. l Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism m Developed by the European Environment Agency (EEA), jointly with the Commission's DG Environment, DG Transport and Energy and Eurostat l Monitor progress in integrating environmental concerns into transport policy throughout Europe l Comprises 40-odd indicators, which cover all relevant aspects of the transport and environment system l Building blocks for regularly published environmental issue reports m http://themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities/transport/indicators http://themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities/transport/indicators m http://reports.eea.eu.int/technical_report_2004_3/en/Technical_repo rt_3-2004_web.pdf http://reports.eea.eu.int/technical_report_2004_3/en/Technical_repo rt_3-2004_web.pdf

8. European Commission - DG Environment Models : help to separate policy and technical issues l Decision makers: l Decide about m Ambition level (environmental targets) m Level of acceptable risk m Willingness to pay l Models l Identify cost-effective and robust measures: m Balance controls over different countries, sectors and pollutants m Regional differences in Europe m Side-effects of present policies m Maximize synergies with other air quality problems m Search for robust strategies

9. European Commission - DG Environment Environmental Effects l Climate Change l Air pollution m Health impacts m Acidification m Eutrophication m Ozone formation m Damage to buildings l Noise l Biodiversity: m Land use m Disturbance and segmentation of habitats l Other: m Visual intrusion m Severance of communities / liveability of cities / children l Consumption of energy and resources Today

10. European Commission - DG Environment Air Pollution l Integration Transport – Environment m Setting Environmental Objectives l Air Pollution m C.A.F.E. Baseline m Setting Targets for Clean Air l Climate Change l Nature and Biodiversity l Conclusions

11. European Commission - DG Environment Objective (6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP)) l To achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise to unacceptable impacts on, and risks to human health and the environment. l Policy Approach m Implementation m Implementation: to ensure that air quality standards, are met by 2005 and 2010 accordingly and that standards for vehicles and stationary sources of pollution are complied with; m Coherency m Coherency: to develop a comprehensive, integrated and coherent framework for all air legislation and related policy initiatives under the title Clean Air For Europe (C.A.F.E.)

12. European Commission - DG Environment Air quality impacts analysed in CAFE l Health: m Loss in life expectancy attributable to PM2.5 m Premature deaths attributable to ozone l Vegetation: m Ozone damage to forests (AOT40) m Excess acid deposition to forests m Excess acid deposition to semi-natural ecosystems m Excess acid deposition to lakes m Excess nitrogen deposition r All impacts shown for no further climate measures scenario, average results of 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorological conditions

13. European Commission - DG Environment C.A.F.E. Baseline (September 2004) l 1) Emissions will further decline m Present legislation and structural change will significantly reduce air pollution in the future m Expected changes between 2000 and 2020 (EU-25): r SO2:-65% r NOx:-50% r VOC: -45% r NH3: -4% r PM2.5: -45% l 2) But: in 2020, Air quality remains threat to human health: m Approximately 5 months loss in life expectancy due to PM m Several 1000s premature deaths due to ozone l 3) Sustainable conditions for vegetation will not be reached

14. European Commission - DG Environment Loss in life expectancy 2020 attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [in months] Loss in average statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5 Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies about 5 months Despite emission reductions up to 2020, about 5 months of average statistical life expectancy is projected to be lost due to PM Source: CAFE Baseline, RAINS (2004)

15. European Commission - DG Environment Vegetation-relevant ozone concentrations 2020 AOT40 [ppm.hours] Critical level for forests: 5 ppm.hours Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies Also ozone remains an problem for vegetation and human health. Source: CAFE Baseline, RAINS (2004)

16. European Commission - DG Environment Percentage of ecosystems area with nitrogen deposition above critical loads, using grid-average deposition. Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies Excess of critical loads for eutrophication 2020 55% of European ecosystems will receive too high nitrogen deposition, endangering bio- diversity Source: CAFE Baseline, RAINS (2004)

17. European Commission - DG Environment Relevance of sources will change l Traditional large polluters will reduce their contributions m Other sources will take over (Ships will surpass land-based EU sources) r SO2: Ships, industrial processes, small sources r NOx: Ships, diesel heavy duty vehicles, off-road m Impacts on population exposure needs to be further explored m Energy projections will influence future emissions

18. European Commission - DG Environment Setting Targets for Clean Air l Integration Transport – Environment m Setting Environmental Objectives l Air Pollution m C.A.F.E. Baseline m Setting Targets for Clean Air l Climate Change l Nature and Biodiversity l Conclusions

19. European Commission - DG Environment Long–term objectives for air pollution 6th EAP «no significant negative impact » Long-term Objectives, « Clean Air » Science based Environment Buildings Cultural heritage Health: WHO Guidelines Critical loads + dynamic = LT objective AQ guideline value = LT objective Still to be considered Define acceptable risk Threshold No Threshold

20. European Commission - DG Environment How to set interim targets in C.A.F.E. WG TS&PA Environmental quality based State/Impact values Initial/Intermediate Interim Targets Principles Risk reduction Capping Gap closure Equity Sectoral e.g. Transport Agriculture Technology e.g. impact of new EURO standards Cost/benefits Optimalisation Behaviour e.g. impact on Driving forces Recommendations for interim targets Not OK Model Runs Results OK Additional Model Runs

21. European Commission - DG Environment Modelling Framework

22. European Commission - DG Environment Integrated assessment in CAFE Energy/agriculture projections Emissions Emission control options Atmospheric dispersion Health and environmental impacts Environmental targets Costs OPTIMIZATION BASELINE SCENARIO Driving Forces

23. European Commission - DG Environment Climate Change l Integration Transport – Environment m Setting Environmental Objectives l Air Pollution m C.A.F.E. Baseline m Setting Targets for Clean Air l Climate Change l Nature and Biodiversity l Conclusions

24. European Commission - DG Environment Objective 6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP) l To stabilise the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that will not cause unnatural variations of the earth's climate. l Targets (all economic sectors) m Reduce global GHG emissions by 70% over 1990 levels in the longer term. m This means global reduction of 20 – 40% over 1990 by 2020 m Short term: EU committed (Kyoto) to achieving - 8% by 2008-2012 m Burden Sharing EU : Spain +15% l Policy approach (Transport) m Specific measures to enhance energy-efficiency, energy saving, renewable energies, emissions other GHG than CO2. m Integration climate change objectives into the Communitys sectoral policies m Structural changes : decoupling, modal shift, Alternative fuels and appropriate engine technologies

25. European Commission - DG Environment Greenhouse Gas emission from Transport : Trends l Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2003, European Environment Agency, Dec. 2003 m Between 1990 and 2001, carbon dioxide emissions from transport increased 20 % in the EU. Road transport is by far the largest emission source in the transport sector (92 %). Emissions increased due to continuous increases in road transport volume (passenger and freight). m Carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation and navigation amounted to 6 % of total emissions in 2001, growing by 44 % from 1990 levels. m Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from transport currently account for only a small part of total EU greenhouse gas emissions but have more than doubled from 1990 to 2001 due to an increase in the transport volume of petrol cars equipped with catalysts. This is a negative consequence of an overall effective policy for improving air quality in Europe.

26. European Commission - DG Environment Climate Change : setting a sectoral target for emissions l Usual approach : one-size-fits all : reduction target is allocated uniformly to different sectors (no information on the reduction potential in the individual sectors) m This approach can be very costly: Following a least-cost route, (different target / sector), cost of reaching Kyoto for EU may be halvel (PRIMES, 2000) l Economic Evaluation of Sectoral Emission Reduction Objectives for Climate Change (2001) (Top-Down / Bottom-Up) l Economic Evaluation of Sectoral Emission Reduction Objectives for Climate Change (2001) (Top-Down / Bottom-Up) m Overall -8% Kyoto Target (1990-2010) means +25.6% for Transport m Spain: +15 % overall target, +44% for transport… l Need to update (forthcoming revised ECCP) m Revise macro-economic framework m Include non-technological abatement measures m Include ancillary benefits (e.g. air pollution)

27. European Commission - DG Environment Nature and Biodiversity l Integration Transport – Environment m Setting Environmental Objectives l Air Pollution m C.A.F.E. Baseline m Setting Targets for Clean Air l Climate Change l Nature and Biodiversity l Conclusions

28. European Commission - DG Environment Objective 6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP) l To protect and restore the functioning of natural systems and halt the loss of biodiversity in the European Union and globally. To protect soils against erosion and pollution. l Policy approach m Natura 2000 : protect and manage the most representative natural areas and eco-systems m LIFE programme's nature projects m Bio-diversity Thematic Strategy. m Community legislation protecting water and air quality and resources, and mandating environmental assessments of projects and (in future) land-use plans and programmes. m Integration of environmental concerns in Common Agricultural and Fisheries Policies m Integrated Coastal Zone Management.

29. European Commission - DG Environment Land Fragmentation l Operational Objective : m Define and implement procedures that suppose a meaningful application of Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitat Directive 92/43/EC (Natura 2000) - Plans and projects affecting Natura 2000 sites

30. European Commission - DG Environment A four Stage Approach m 1. Screening likely significant impacts upon the Natura 2000 site of a project or plan m 2. Appropriate assessment of the impact, with respect to the sites structure and function and its conservation objectives. Assessment of the potential mitigation of those impacts; m 3. Assessment of alternative solutions (alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the project or plan that avoid adverse impacts) m 4. Assessment of compensatory measures r where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts remain r where, in the light of an assessment of imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI), it is deemed that the project or plan should proceed

31. European Commission - DG Environment Conclusions l Develop knowledge networks across EU m Tools are available m Data may still be insufficient in some areas, but it is not a reason to wait. l Stakeholder implication in target setting and policy assessment l Integrate economic considerations in the target definition and in the policy formulation m Cost-effectiveness of targets m Cost benefits analysis for alternatives m Economic instruments m Assessment equity and social issues