1. SAWS Workshop II October 2008 Jamie Gudmestad - Meteorologist Intern WFO Midland, TX - Air Force Reserve Weather Forecaster Shaw AFB, SC AIRCRAFT ICING Aviation Safety Foundation

2. My employment Full time – Meteorologist WFO Midland Part time – Forecaster for various areas in the Middle East Wikipedia

3. Content of this presentation - Why icing is SO important to aviation - Where and when icing commonly occurs - The types of icing - Type of aircraft most susceptible to icing - TAFs and other products - Future icing detection - Where more information can be found

4. The National Weather Service (NWS) provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property.

5. www.airport-technology.com "An estimated 819 people died in accidents related to in-flight icing between 1982 and 2000." Study by the National Transportation Safety Board Over 40 people/year

6. American Eagle 4184 October 31, 1994 Roselawn, Indiana Crashed after circling in icy weather killed all 68 on board Airlines.net

7. Air Florida Flight 90 January 13, 1992 Washington DC Aircraft was De-iced, then sat on the runway killed all 78 on board Airdisaster.com

8. A Cessna 208B Caravan November 8, 2002 Parks, Arizona Aircraft was in route from Las Vegas, NV on its way to Midland, TX Moderate mixed icing aironline.com/wikipedia

9. Normal Iced Hanley Innovations: Airfoil Icing & Microtab Study Airfoil

10. Icing of other aircraft parts AOPA Aviation Safety Foundation

11. Icy Runways Webshots.com

12. Near Saturated environment Favorable Atmospheric Conditions for Icing: TemperatureDew point Depression Approx. RH 0° to -7°C (32 to 18°F)less than 2°C (<3.6°F)85% -8 to -15°C (17 to 5°F)less than 3°C (<5.4°F)80% -16 to -22°C (4 to -8°F) less than 4°C (<7.2°F)75% Key Ingredient AFWA TN 98-002

13. Winter Map from the Air Safety Foundation (AOPA)

14. - Icing is more likely & more severe in clouds located near moisture sources & over mountainous regions Mountains University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)

15. Fronts University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)

16. Fronts University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)

17. Clouds HIGH 0° to -20°C 0° to -15°C 0 °C & below (32° to -4°F) (32° to 5°F) (32°F & below) (32° to -4°F) (32° to 5°F) (32°F & below) MED -20° to -40°C -15° to -30°C (-4° to -40°F) (-5° to -22°F) (-4° to -40°F) (-5° to -22°F) LOW < -40°C < -30°C (< -40°F) (< -22°F) (< -40°F) (< -22°F) Icing Risk/Type of Clouds Cumulus Stratiform Rain & Drizzle AOPA Aviation Safety Foundation

18. Vertical Displacement increases Icing AFWA TN 98-002

19. Icing Severity definitions Trace – when the rate of ice accumulation is just slightly greater than the rate of loss due to sublimation Light – the rate of ice accumulation may create a problem if the aircraft remains in this environment for one hour or more Moderate – when the rate of ice accumulation is so great that even a short encounter can become hazardous Severe – whenever the rate of ice accumulation is such that deicing or anti-icing equipment cannot control or reduce the hazard University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)

20. Droplet Size - Cloud droplets – usually 40 microns or less - Supercooled liquid droplets (SLD) are 40 – 200 microns; MOST SIGNIFICANT to Aircraft Icing - SLD most often includes freezing rain & drizzle University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)Fotosearch.com

21. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

23. Type of aircraft US Army Corps of Engineers; Wikipedia

24. Temperature Type 32° to 18°F Clear 18°F to 15°F Mixed Less than 15°F Rime Type of Icing AFWA TN 98-002

25. TAFS NWS TAF: CCCC TAF 011818 18020G28KT P6SM SCT030 BKN120 TEMPO 1822 BKN020 FM0400 16015KT P6SM BKN030 PROB30 0308 TSRA BKN030CB USAF TAF: CCCC TAF 011616 03008KT 0800 PRFG FEW000 BKN005 BKN012 WS015/12035KT QNH3001INS FG FEW002 TEMPO 1820 14012G18KT 3200 -SN BLSN FEW002 OVC006 620065 SN FEW000 BECMG 2324 15012G20KT 3200 -SN BLSN FEW002 OVC004 620046 QNH2983INS TM01/19Z TM04/11Z NWS Instruction 10-813 / AFMAN 15-124

26. Reading the icing group 620065 6The first digit – icing group 2The second digit – type of icing 006The third, fourth & fifth digits – height of icing 5The last digit – thickness of icing AFMAN 15-124

27. http://adds.aviationweahter.noaa.gov/icing

29. Pireps http://adds.aviationweahter.noaa.gov/icing

30. Altitude Schultz-Politovich PIREP study - University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)

31. Research - Supercooled large droplet - Heat transfer - Anti-icing protection http://www.niar.wichita.edu/researchlabs/

32. www.ucar.edu/communications Technology improvements More advanced RADARs are being tested by National Center for Atmospheric Research

33. Where you can learn more http://www.meted.ucar.edu/ The Comet program http://www.aopa.org/asf/ AOPA Air Safety Foundation

34. Aircraft Icing Thank you for your time! Sources were cited on each slide Questions???