1. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina Spanish Clitics Revisited: An OpenCCG Account of Word Order and Semantic Role Assignments Víctor M. Castel InCiHuSA (CONICET) and FFyL (UNCuyo) Mendoza, Argentina vcastel@lab.cricyt.edu.ar http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/institutos/incihusa/ul/webhelp/Victor_M._Castel.htm

2. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina OUTLINE Goals –Towards a combinatory categorial grammar of River Plate Spanish The data –Word order constraints governing the distribution of clitics –Correlations between semantic roles and morpho-syntactic properties The OpenCCG Enviroment –Combinatory Categorial Grammar –Parsing and realization A micro-grammar of Spanish clitics –Clitics and verbal endings as functors –Clitic packages –Sample derivations Conclusions and future work

3. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina GOALS Long-term goal –The specification of a combinatory categorial grammar of River Plate Spanish within the context of the OpenCCG Library. Short_term goal –The specification of a combinatory categorial grammar of River Plate Spanish clitics within the context of the OpenCCG Library. The goal of this paper –The specification of a micro-grammar of River Plate Spanish clitics to account for (i) inherent and contextual word order properties, and (ii) correlations between semantic roles and clitic morphosyntactic properties. (No reflexives or impersonal se or ethical interpretations at this stage.)

4. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina INHERENT WORD ORDER CONSTRAINTS // 1 Perlmutters (1972) Surface Structure Constraint Se II I III Well-formed clitic sequences –One clitic: »{se, te, os, me, nos, le(s), lo|a(s)} –Two clitics: »{se te, se me, se le(s), se lo|a(s), te me, te le(s), te lo|a(s), me le(s), me lo|a(s)} –Three clitics: »{se te me, se te le(s), se te lo|(s), se me le(s), se me lo|(s)} »{te me le(s), te me lo|a(s)} –Four clitics: »{se te me le(s), se te me lo|a(s)}

5. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina INHERENT WORD ORDER CONSTRAINTS // 2 Perlmutters (1972) Surface Structure Constraint Se II I III Ill-formed clitic sequences (Any clitic sequence which is not in the preceding set.) –Two clitics: »*{se se, te te, os os, me me, nos nos, le(s) le(s), lo|a(s) lo|a(s)} »*{le(s) lo|a(s), lo|a(s) le(s), te se, me se, le(s) se, lo|a(s) se} »And many others. –Three clitics: »*{me te le(s), me te lo|a(s), se le(s) te} »And many others. –Four clitics: »*{se me te le(s), me se te le(s)} »And many others.

6. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina WORD ORDER CONSTRAINTS RELATIVE TO THE GOVERNING VERB // 1 Se II I III + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + Se II I III Well-formed clitic sequences –One clitic: {se, te, os, me, nos, le(s), lo|a(s)} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + {se, te, os, me, nos, le(s), lo|a(s)} –Two clitics: {se te, se me, se le(s), se lo|a(s), te me, te le(s), te lo|a(s), me le(s), me lo|a(s)} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + {se te, se me, se le(s), se lo|a(s), te me, te le(s), te lo|a(s), me le(s), me lo|a(s)} –Three clitics: {se te me, se te le(s), se te lo|(s), se me le(s), se me lo|(s)} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + {se te me, se te le(s), se te lo|(s), se me le(s), se me lo|(s)} {te me le(s), te me lo|a(s)} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + {te me le(s), te me lo|a(s)} –Four clitics: {se te me le(s), se te me lo|a(s)} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + {se te me le(s), se te me lo|a(s)}

7. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina WORD ORDER CONSTRAINTS RELATIVE TO THE GOVERNING VERB // 2 Se II I III + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + Se II I III Ill-formed clitic sequences –Two clitics: *{se se, te te, os os, me me, nos nos, le(s) le(s), lo|a(s) lo|a(s)} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + *{se se, te te, os os, me me, nos nos, le(s) le(s), lo|a(s) lo|a(s)} *{le(s) lo|a(s), lo|a(s) le(s), te se, me se, le(s) se, lo|a(s) se} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + *{le(s) lo|a(s), lo|a(s) le(s), te se, me se, le(s) se, lo|a(s) se} And many others. –Three clitics: *{me te le(s), me te lo|a(s), se le(s) te} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + *{me te le(s), me te lo|a(s), se le(s) te} And many others. –Four clitics: *{se te me le(s), me se te le(s)} + V [non-imp-pers-form] V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + *{se te me le(s), me se te le(s)} And many others.

8. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina SEMANTIC ROLE ASSIGNMENTS Erica Garcias (1975) Generalizations Me lo regalaron. –me [Less] lo [Least] regalaron [Most] –me [Ethical] lo [Least] regalaron [Most] No other interpretations are possible. –me [*Least] lo [*Less] regalaron [Most] –me [*Least] lo [*Ethical] regalaron [Most] –me [*Most] lo [*Ethical] regalaron [*Less] –… Me le acercaron. –me [Least] le [Less] acercaron [Most] No other interpretations are possible. –me [*Less] le [*Least] acercaron [Most] –me [*Less] le [*Most] acercaron [*Least] –… Te me acercaron. –te [Least] me [Less] acercaron [Most] –te [Less] me [Least] acercaron [Most] No other interpretations are possible. –te [Least] me [*Most] acercaron [*Less] –… Mutatis mutandis, these semantic role assignments apply to clitic sequences occurring to the right of imperatives, infinitives and gerunds.

9. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina BASIC INTUITIONS // 1 CLITICS AS FORWARD FUNCTORS A clitic forward seeks for non-imperative personal verbal forms to deliver verbal signs: [los [regal a]] –los regala: This sign is accepted because los seeks for s[non-imp-pers-end] arguments and regal a is s[non-imp-pers-end]. –*Los regal: It is excluded because lo seeks for s[non-imp-pers-end] arguments and regal is s[vrt1], where both "non-imp-pers-end" and "vrt1" are possible values of "vrbl_frm" rooted at "vrbl-frm-vals". –*Los regalen: It is excluded because los seeks for s[non-imp-pers-end] and regalen is s[imp], where both "non-imp-pers-end" and "imp" are possible values of ""vrbl_frm" rooted at "vrbl-frm-vals". –*Los regalar: It is excluded because lo seeks for s[non-imp-pers-end] and regalar is s[inf], where both "non-imp-pers-end" and "inf" are possible values of "vrbl_frm" rooted at "vrbl-frm-vals". –*Lo regalando: Idem above, mutatis mutandis.

10. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina BASIC INTUITIONS // 2 CLITICS AS FORWARD FUNCTORS A clitic can also forward seek for other clitics to deliver a clitic package: [te [me los]] –te me los: This sign is accepted because me can forward seek clitics of the 3rd person which are marked for the non-nominative distinction (acc/dat) to deliver a package, [me los], headed by me and with the combinatory potential originaly specified for los. The clitic te can, in turn, forward seek clitics of the 1st person (which are unmarked for the non-nominative distinction acc/dat) or 3rd person (which are marked for the non-nominative distinction (acc/dat)) to deliver a clitic package headed by te and with the combinatory potential specified for [me los] (which in fact derives from the combinatory potential originally specified for los.)

11. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina BASIC INTUITIONS // 3 IMPERATIVE, INFINITIVE AND GERUND ENDINGS AS CLITIC SEEKING FUNCTORS An infinitive ending, ar, er, or ir: –forward seeks for clitics (or clitic packages), and –backward seeks for verbal roots to deliver infinitives. [regal [ar [me los]]] Or it can simply –backward seek for verbal roots to deliver infinitives. [regal ar] Mutatis mutandis, the same intuition applies to gerunds, ando/iendo, and imperatives, á/en, etc. [regal ando] [regal [ando [me los]]] [regal en] [regal [en [me los]]]

12. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina FORMAL TREATMENT OF THE BASIC INTUITIONS AN OPENCCG MICRO-GRAMMAR OF RIVER PLATE SPANISH CLITICS grammar.xml SpnshLxcn.xml SpnshMrph.xml SpnshRls.xml SpnshTps.xml

13. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina PRIMITIVE SIGNS lo, la, los, las See XML declarationSee XML declaration. See abbreviation. See logical form.See abbreviation See logical form le, les, se, te, me XML declaration: see le(s); see me. See abbreviation.le(smeSee abbreviation regal See XML declarationSee XML declaration. See abbreviation. See logical form.See abbreviationSee logical form a See XML declarationSee XML declaration. See abbreviation. See logical form.See abbreviationSee logical form en See XML declaration: as clitic seeker; as plain imperative ending. See abbreviation.as clitic seekeras plain imperative endingSee abbreviation ar See XML declaration: as clitic seeker; as plain infinitive ending. See abbreviation.as clitic seekeras plain infinitive endingSee abbreviation ando See XML declaration: as clitic seeker; as plain gerund ending. See abbreviation.as clitic seekeras plain gerund endingSee abbreviation quier See XML declarationSee XML declaration. See abbreviation.See abbreviation o See XML declarationSee XML declaration. See abbreviation.See abbreviation Juan See XML declarationSee XML declaration. See abbreviation.See abbreviation

14. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina DERIVED SIGNS regala[regal a]Abbreviated sign. Logical form.Abbreviated signLogical form lo regala[lo [regal a]]Abbreviated sign. Logical form.Abbreviated signLogical form me lo regala[me [lo [regal a]]] regalar[regal ar] regalarlo[regal [ar lo]] regalármelo[regal [ar [me lo]]] regalen[regal en] regálenlo[regal [en lo]] regálenmelo[regal [en [me lo]]] Juan me las regala[Juan [me [las [regal a]]]] quiero regalartelo[[quier o] [regal [ar [te lo]]]] te lo quiero regalar[te [lo [[quier o] [regal ar]]]] –But cf. *te quiero regalarlo // *lo quiero regalarte.

15. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina DERIVED SIGNS // 2 me lo/a(s), me le(s) te lo/a(s), te le(s) se lo/a(s), se le(s) te me se me se te te me lo/a(s), te me le(s)[te [me las]] Abbreviated sign. Logical form.Abbreviated signLogical form se me lo/a(s), se me le(s) se te lo(s), se te le(s) se te me lo(s), se te me le(s)

16. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina EXCLUDED DERIVATIONS *se le me[se * [le * me]] *la te[la * te] *ando les me[ando * [les * me]] *regalárlome[regal * [ar * [lo * me]]] *lo regalar[lo * [regal ar]] *me lo regalar[me * [lo * [regal ar]]] *regálenlome[regal * [en * [lo * me]]] *lo me regala[lo * [me [regal a]]] *lo regal[lo * regal] *regala lo[[regal a] * lo] *regal lo a[[regal * lo] * a] *Juan regal[Juan * regal] *quiero me lo regalar[quier o] lo * [regal ar] // [quier o] * me [regal ar] *te quiero regalarlo(Currently parsed,unfortunately. Solution under development.) *lo quiero regalarte(Currently parsed,unfortunately. Solution under development.)

17. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK I have shown that both word order constraints and semantic role assignments governing the distribution of River Plate Spanish clitics can be accounted for within the environment of the OpenCCG Library (Bozşahin et al 2007) based on Steedmans (2000) Combinatory Categorial Grammar. This is attained by: –Treating clitics as functors which Forward seek for other clitics or non-imperative personal verbal forms to deliver clitic package signs or verbal signs, respectively. Crucially, this is done with single lexical entries for clitics, i.e. a single categorial assignment. –Treating imperative, infinitive and gerund endings as functors which Forward seek for clitics (or clitic packages), and Backward seek for verbal roots. A problem to be addressed in the near future is the treatment of impersonal se, reflexives and ethical clitics.

18. IV Encuentro de Gramática Generativa, 26-28 de julio de 2007, Mendoza, Argentina REFERENCES Bozşahin, Cem, G-J. Kruijff and M. White (2007) Specifying Grammars for OpenCCG: A Rough Guide. Available from http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccg/index.html.http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccg/index.html Castel, Víctor M. (1994) Paquets de clitiques de lespagnol. Calcul de la corrélation entre rôle sémantiques et proprietés morphologiques, et spécification dans une grammaire catégorielle dunification. PhD thesis, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand II, France. Available from http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/institutos/incihusa/ul/WebHelpPhDThesis/Victor_M_Castel_PhD_Thesis.htm. http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/institutos/incihusa/ul/WebHelpPhDThesis/Victor_M_Castel_PhD_Thesis.htm _____(1996) Paquetes de clíticos del español: restricciones de orden y expresión de roles semánticos desde una perspectiva categorial. Signo & Seña 5: 241-278. _____(1997) Gramática categorial de unificación de los clíticos del español. Signo & Seña 7: 359-418. _____(2007a) An OpenCCG Implementation of Perlmutters Generalization on Spanish Clitics Word Order. Revista INFOSUR: 1-14. Available from http://www.infosurrevista.com.ar.http://www.infosurrevista.com.ar _____(2007b) Hacia una gramática categorial combinatoria de los clíticos del español rioplatense. In Actas del VIII Congreso Argentino de Hispanistas. García, Erica (1975) The Role of Theory in Linguistic Analysis: the Spanish Pronoun System. Amsterdam: North- Holland Publishing Company. Haddock, N., E. Klein and G. Morril (eds.) (1987) Categorial Grammar, Unification Grammar, and Parsing. Working Papers in Cognitive Science, Vol. 1, Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edimburgh. Perlmutter, David (1971) Deep and Surface Structure Constraints in Syntax. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Steedman, Mark (2000) The Syntactic Process. Massachussets: MIT Press. Zeevat, Henk, E. Klein and J. Calder (1987) Unification Categorial Grammar. In Haddock et al. (1987).