3. Biblical References to “Eretz Israel”
Eretz Israel “The Land of Israel”
Promised by G-d (Yahweh) to Jews in Covenant
“Behold, I will make a covenant: before all thy peoples I will do marvels” (Exodus 34:10)
“For I will cast out the nations before thee, and enlarge thy borders” (Exodus 34:24)
“Thou (Israel) shall worship no other G-d: for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous G-d” (Exodus 34:14)
“Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt (now Wadi el Arish in the Sinai) unto the great river (the river Euphrates)” (Genesis 15:18)

4. Biblical References to “Eretz Israel”
According to
Genesis, 15:18 –
“from the river of
Egypt to the great
river, the river
Euphrates”

5. Israel/Palestine Early History
Jews a nomadic people till about 1250 BCE-conquest of Canaan
Jerusalem founded by King David c BCE
First Temple established c. 950 BCE by King Solomon
586 BCE Conquered by Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzer
Jews exiled to Babylon, Temple destroyed
539 BCE Persian control – allowed Jews return and rebuild Temple
333 BCE: Alexander the Great brings Jerusalem under Greek rule
323 BCE: Alexander dies: alternating rule by Egypt and Syria
165 BCE: Maccabees revolt, establish independent state
63 BCE Under Roman rule

6. Israel/Palestine Early History
0-36 CE-Birth and Death of Jesus Christ under continuing Roman Rule
66 CE Jewish revolt
2nd Temple destroyed (Western Wall still standing)
Jews forbidden in Jerusalem Diaspora
2 main branches:
Ashkenazic (German) – of Central and E. Europe –
spoke Yiddish - European beliefs (e.g. Socialism)
Sephardic (Mediterranean) - Spain, later Arab Countries.

7. Israel/Palestine Early History
C Emperor Hadrian builds new pagan city on ruins of Jerusalem
Palestine under Byzantine rule: Emperor Constantine: Christianity spreads
630-Death of Muhammad/spread of Islam
638: Arabs capture Jerusalem
: Palestine administered from Damascus, Syria. Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa mosque constructed

8. Spread of Islam

9. Jerusalem

10. Dome of the Rock/ Al Quds

11. Al Aqsa Mosque

12. Al Aqsa Mosque

13. Israel/Palestine Early History
: Palestine administered from Baghdad (Iraq) with brief periods of control by rulers from Egypt and other areas
: Crusades, establishment of “Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem”
Crusaders vanquished: Jerusalem administered out of Cairo
: Palestine incorporated into Ottoman Empire and administered from Istanbul
Recognition of 3 religions
They protected the different religious sites/kept them alive

15. Zionism as a 19th century nationalist movement
Rejection of Torah as “symbolic land” – as moveable land - Jews need territory like other nations.
Theodor Herzl (Poland) “Der Judenstaat”Jewish State as a result of increased pogroms etc in E. Europe
: First wave of Zionists (25,000) enter Palestine
1st Zionist Congress – Basel, Switzerland, 1897

16. Europe makes promises it can’t keep
“Lawrence of Arabia” Europe defeats Ottoman Empire in World War I by promising independence to Arab supporters.
1916 “Sykes Picot Agreement” Arab territory divided between England and France
England: Palestine, Iraq, Jordan
France: Syria, Lebanon

18. Establishment of Israel and Changing Borders- 1918-1948
1917 Balfour Declaration – British support for Jewish settlement in Palestine
--Seen as conflicting with the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence ( ) promising independence to Arabs in the Ottoman region
1919- Palestinian National Conference rejects Balfour Dec.
British Mandate for Palestine
-During this time approximately 225,000 Jewish immigrants arrive from Europe
Growth of US influence in Middle East after 1945
US Pressure on UN in 1947 to partition Palestine
UN partition – 1947 – planned to create state with
Jewish state with ½ Jewish and ½ Arab population

19. Galilee
Original UN
partition
plan for Palestine
1947
Samaria
Judea

21. Developments in Palestine/Israel 1948-1993
1949: War of Independence – Neighboring states attack Israel.
After war, borders expanded –
ethnic cleansing of Arabs and Arab flight to refugee camps
Establishment of the “Green Line” (Borders at 1948/49)
defeat of Arab armies
Rest of Palestine grabbed by Jordan and Egypt
Arab Refugees to surrounding areas:
Arab population mostly in Galilee
Creation of Palestinian nationalism in camps
1964: PLO founded

22. Developments in Palestine/Israel 1948-1993
1956: Suez crisis:
Israel invades Egypt (with secret support from Britain and France) to recapture nationalized Suez Canal
“Six Day War” 1967 – Israel occupied West Bank,
Gaza,Golan Heights, and Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula
U.N. Resolution 242 – creation of Palestinian homeland on West Bank and Gaza
1967 – Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria
3 kinds – military (nahal), suburban Jerusalem and religious (Gush Emunim)
Expanded dramatically after Likud in power 1977

24. West Bank –Jewish Settlements

25. Developments in Palestine/Israel 1948-1993
1973 Yom Kippur war with Arab states
1979 Camp David agreements – return of Sinai to Egypt
Jewish Occupation of S. Lebanon
Cold War- close ally of US; USSR supporting Arabs
1st Intifada by Palestinians
1988-Hamas created
1992: Israel Labor Party wins elections:
1993/4: Oslo peace accords
Palestinian Authority created

27. Israeli Palestinian Socio-economics
1/5 of Israeli pop/ ½ of the poor
Most are Sunni Muslims, 10% are Christian
50% are under 15 years old
History of high education: currently 30 professors (out of 6000)
Inequality of state welfare
Increasingly unwelcome in Israeli army, institutions

28. Palestinian Diaspora Israeli Citizens: 1.2 million (1/5 Israeli Pop)
Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza: 2/3 million (under Israeli military control)
Palestinians in UN Refugee Camps in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon: 2.3 million
Rest of Middle East/US/etc.: million

29. Palestinian Diaspora

30. Israeli Politics – 2 main parties and 1 ultra-religious tradition
Labor party: Zionists (David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, etc) Ashkenazic tradition – elites -Kibbutzim (socialist), want multi-ethnic state with Jewish dominant
2) Likud bloc: (Ariel Sharon) Mitzrahim (Sephardic tradition) – major immigration in 1960s from Arab states – pop. Change – larger families– won Knesset elections 1977 “hard liners”
3) Haredim (ultra-Orthodox) –Religious groups – dominant in Jerusalem – religious parties – balance
of power in Knesset after early 1980s

31. Knesset is all splinters
Sharon
Barak

32. Current Status:
1995: Rabin (Labor/Peace) assassinated by Israeli
1996: Likud/Netanyahu come to power
Jewish Fundamentalists rise in power
1998: Clinton tries to reach peace accords between Netanyahu and Arafat (Wye River talks) very lukewarm
1999/2000: Talks between PM Barak and Arafat fail

33. Things really heat up
2000: Sharon goes to Temple Mount, visits Al Aqsa mosque, establishes home in Arab part of Jerusalem with Israeli flag
Second Intifada
2000/1: Barak resigns, Sharon comes to power.
2002: Sharon launches ‘Operation Defensive Shield”
2003: “The Quartet” (UN, EU, US, Russia) “Road Map”
2003: Arafat turns over negotiating power to Mahmoud Abbas, as Prime Minister

34. Political
Archipelagoes
On the
West
Bank
2000

35. New Concepts for Peace Post-Zionism: equalize power Shared territories
Upgrade Palestinian power
Downgrade Jewish power
(no longer automatic right of Israeli citizenship to diaspora
No Jewish work week
Shared territories
N. Ireland Model
Internationalization of Holy Sites
Limited Right of Return for Palestinians
Geographic Link between Gaza and West Bank

36. New Concepts for Peace- TABA Plan

37. Taba details