1. Unit 2: Migration Part II Chain Migration and Relocation

2. Catalysts of Migration
Economic conditions- poverty and a desire for opportunity.
Political conditions- persecution, expulsion, or war.
Environmental conditions- crop failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine.
Culture and tradition- threatened by change.
Technology-easier and cheaper transport or change in livability.
Poverty has driven millions from their homelands-North America has received many legal and illegal immigrants from Mediterranean, Caribbean, across the Rio Grande
Political-oppressive regimes-Mariel Boatlift from Cuba 125,000, Boat People from Vietnam in 1970s and 80s.
Armed Conflict-War-Rwanda-militant Hutus versus minority Tutsi and moderate Hutus-600,000 died in out migration-2 million fled to Zaire
Environmental-potato famine 1840s Ireland, also floods, drought, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.
Threat to Culture and Tradition-India-Pakistan, Millions fled, Soviet Jews fled to Israel.
Technological advances-easier and cheaper to sail or fly, also air-conditioning made south and southwest US more desirable.
Photo is of Italian Immigrants at Ellis Island, New York in 1905.

3. Kinship links-allows migrants to communicate with family members
Chain migration-migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality already there.
Step migration-short moves in stages-e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro
Intervening opportunity-alternative destinations that can be reached more quickly and easily and offer benefits to the migrant
Intervening obstacle-keeps migrant from reaching their original destination

4. Where have people migrated?
Europe to North America
Southern Europe to South and Central America
Britain/Ireland to Africa and Australia
Africa to Americas (Slaves)
India to East Africa, SE Asia and Caribbean

5. Economic Opportunities
Islands of Development –
Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated, usually centered along the coast.

6. Economic Opportunities
In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

7. Reconnecting Cultural Groups
About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948.
After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.

8. Internal Migration
Migration that occurs within a country’s borders.
Examples/Reasons for internal vs. international:
same language, familiar cultural aspects, shorter distances traveled

9. INTERNAL MIGRATIONS Two Types: Intraregional Interregional
migration-flows/

10. Intraregional Migration
Intraregional migrations--people moving or being moved within one geographic realm (region) of a country
Current examples:
Rural to urban:
increases with development, ¾ of core countries population in urban areas
Urban to suburban:
lifestyle changes (babies)
Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas:
called counter-urbanization, increased technology allows people to work outside of the city

11. Interregional Migrations
Interregional Migration-people moving or being moved from one geographic realm (region) to another within a country
From South
Current USA examples:
Movement North to South, and East to West
Net migration (immigrants-emigrants) Figures as of 2010
South-(+1,419,000)
Northeast-(-915,000)
Midwest-(-533,000)
West-(+29,000)
refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to other parts of the United States
Rural to urban areas to find work

12. Interregional Migrations
Current World examples:
To Brazil’s interior: Brasilia
to North in Italy, and North to South in the UK for Jobs

13. External Migration Movement across country borders
Also called International migration
Emigrant: one who migrates out of a country
Subtracts from total population
Immigrant: one who migrates into a country
Adds to total population

14. Major Global Migration Flows
From 1500 to 1950

15. Global Migration Patterns
From less-developed Stage 2 countries into more-developed Stage 4 or Stage 5 countries
3 largest migration flows
Asia to Europe
Asia to North America
Latin America to North America
Net In Migration: North America, Europe, Oceania (more people moving in)
Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America, Africa
(more people moving out)
ie. Vietnamese Boat People-moving out of Communist Vietnam

16. US Immigration Patterns
Three main waves
1. Colonial America:
European settlement- 2 million, mostly British
African slaves – 800, 000

17. Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

18. US Immigration Patterns
2. 19th century ( )
3 European Peaks
1840s and 1850s:
-Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany)
1880s:
-Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden) :
-Southern and Eastern Europe [Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine) ]

19. Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

20. US Immigration Patterns
3. Second-half of 20th century ( )
Less developed regions
Latin America: Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador
Asia: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

21. Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

22. Immigration Policies USA Quota Laws
Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924: 2% of population
Immigration Act of 1965
1968: Hemisphere quotas
1978: Global Quotas
Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more than 7% from each country
Major Exceptions: family reunification, employment, talented, refugees

23. Immigration Policies
Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by talented people out of the periphery
Countries with high Brain Drains: Jamaica, Mexico, China, Iran, Greece, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia- 75%, Haiti-85%
Guest Workers: newly developed areas taking advantage of cheap “slave” labor
Example: 85% of population of Dubai, UAE is guest workers from
Time-Contract workers: South and East Asian workers to Southeast Asia. American workers to lesser developed areas.

24. “True” Population Growth
To accurately calculate a country’s population growth, we must include immigrants to see the impact they have on given states…
Balancing Equation
(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
This is more representative of what goes on in a country in regards to demographics. The above equation is much more accurate in depicting population issues than the Natural Increase Rate. Why?

25. The Future of Immigration in America
SEE WHO’S COMING TO AMERICA

26. European Migration
Complete European Migration Patterns (Lab)