COMPREHENSIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR TRAINING

COMPREHENSIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR TRAINING
Sentence construction Grammar Composition

WHAT IS A SENTENCE? A SENTENCE is a group of words that are put together to make one complete thought. "She feels sad.”  A complete idea Other samples (they express a complete idea): I like to swim. Jane bakes tasty cookies. Mark will quit his job.

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE?
A sentence must minimally have a subject and a verb. Sometimes the subject can be omitted if it is understood. In the following examples the subject is green and the verb is red: Tom walks. We met Susan. They are washing the dishes. Lisa will arrive soon. She is nice. There is food on the table. Leave! (The subject in this sentence was omitted, since it is understood to be "you": You leave!)

SUBJECT is the person or thing that performs the action, or that the sentence makes a statement about. A subject can be a noun, a pronoun, or a noun phrase. Other samples (the subject is in bold): Ronnie finished his homework. She was hit by a ball. Spain is in Europe. Pigs and cows can't fly. Traveling is fun. War is a terrible thing. There is a mouse in the room. Stand up! (The subject is understood to be you.) "Joe is a good boy." Who is a good boy? Joe is. How can you identify the subject? To identify the subject of the sentence, first find the verb. Then ask, "Who or what (verb)?“ The answer is your subject. Examples for the above sentences: Who finished his homework? Ronnie. Subject = Ronnie Who was hit by a ball? She. Subject = she What is in Europe? Spain. Subject = Spain Who can't fly? Pigs and cows. Subject = pigs and cows What is fun? Traveling. Subject = traveling What is a terrible thing? War. Subject = war Who is in the room? A mouse. Subject = a mouse Who should stand up? You. Subject = you So "Joe" is the subject.

A NOUN is a word that names a person, a place or a thing Examples: Sarah, lady, cat, New York, Canada, room, school, football, reading. Example sentences: People like to go to the beach. Emma passed the test. My parents are traveling to Japan next month. A PRONOUN is a word that is used instead of a noun. I, he, it, we, them, us, mine, itself. He doesn't want go with them. Would they help us? His house is bigger than ours. Who is she? A NOUN PHRASE is a word or group of words in a sentence that acts like a noun. Your sister, my best friend, a beautiful red dress, etc. All the kids were sleeping. The boy in the blue jeans says he'll do it.

VERB – an action Examples: jump, sit, talk, have ADJECTIVE – describes a noun Examples: colorful shirt, funny story, tall boy ADVERB – describes other words (not nouns) Examples: jumped yesterday, talks fast, sings loud, very pretty, luckily for us

English Parts of a Sentence – Exercise 01
Look for the “subject” in the sentence. 1. Lisa found her hat. SUBJECT: Lisa 2. My uncle James won the race. SUBJECT: My uncle James 3. We never eat meat. SUBJECT: We 4. I wrote him a long letter. SUBJECT: I 5. Jane is cooking dinner. SUBJECT: Jane 6. They will be back soon. SUBJECT: They 7. He became very successful. SUBJECT: He 8. The cat jumped on the tree. SUBJECT: The cat 9. You seem surprised. SUBJECT: You 10. Their teacher helps them all the time. SUBJECT: Their teacher

PREDICATE is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. The predicate always includes a verb. Other samples (the predicate is in bold): Ronnie finished his homework. She was hit by a ball. Spain is in Europe. Pigs and cows can't fly. Traveling is fun. War is a terrible thing. There is a mouse in the room. Stand up! "Joe is a good boy." The subject is Joe. Now, what about Joe? How can you identify the predicate? To identify the predicate of the sentence, look for the statement about the subject. For example, let's look at the sentence "John went home." John is the subject. What is said about John? That he went home! So "went home" is the predicate. And as always, it contains a verb (went). Examples for the above sentences: What about Ronnie? He finished his homework. Predicate = finished his homework What about her? She was hit by the ball. Predicate = was hit by the ball What about Spain? It is in Europe. Predicate = is in Europe What about pigs and cows? They can't fly. Predicate = can't fly. What about traveling? It is fun. Predicate = is fun What about war? It is terrible. Predicate = is terrible What about the mouse? It is in the room. Predicate = is in the room What about you? Stand up. Predicate = stand up He is a good boy. So "is a good boy" is a predicate.

Look for the “predicate” in the sentence. 1. Lisa found her hat. PREDICATE: found her hat 2. My uncle James won the race. PREDICATE: won the race 3. We never eat meat. PREDICATE: never eat meat 4. I wrote him a long letter. PREDICATE: wrote him a long letter 5. Jane is cooking dinner. PREDICATE: is cooking dinner 6. They will be back soon. PREDICATE: will be back soon 7. He became very successful. PREDICATE: became very successful 8. The cat jumped on the tree. PREDICATE: jumped on the tree 9. You seem surprised. PREDICATE: seem surprised 10. Their teacher helps them all the time. PREDICATE: helps them all the time

DIRECT OBJECT is a person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. You could say that the direct object "receives the action of the verb." "He broke the window." What was affected by the action? The window was. So "the window" is the direct object. Other samples (the direct object is in bold): Tim fixed the computer yesterday. I hated that movie so much. We built a castle on the beach. You bought the same hat last week. The boy loves his father. I've made a promise.

INDIRECT OBJECT is a person or thing that the action is done to or for. It usually comes just before the direct object. You could also say that the indirect object is the receiver of the direct object. "He gave his mother flowers." To whom did he give the flowers? To his mother. So "his mother" is the indirect object. Other samples (the indirect object is in bold): Tim made Joan a sandwich for lunch. I told you what to do. We built him a castle on the beach. You bought her the same hat last week. Joan is writing me a letter right now.

How can you tell a direct object from an indirect object?
Here are some tips to help you: A direct object receives the action of the verb. In other words, it is directly affected by it. An indirect object is the receiver of the direct object, and it usually comes just before it. Let's have another look at some of the previous examples (the direct object is green, the indirect object is red): "He gave his mother flowers.” The verb is “gave.” What is directly affected by this action?  The flowers. They are given! So "flowers" is the direct object. Who receives the flowers?  His mother. So "his mother" is the indirect object.

Look for the “DIRECT OBJECT and the INDIRECT OBJECT” in the sentence. 1. Lisa found her hat. DIRECT OBJECT: her hat INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 2. My uncle James won the race. DIRECT OBJECT: the race INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 3. We never eat meat. DIRECT OBJECT: meat INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 4. I wrote him a long letter. DIRECT OBJECT: a long letter INDIRECT OBJECT: him 5. Jane is cooking us dinner. DIRECT OBJECT: dinner INDIRECT OBJECT: us 6. They will be back soon. DIRECT OBJECT: 0 INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 7. He became very successful. DIRECT OBJECT: 0 INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 8. The cat jumped on the tree. DIRECT OBJECT: 0 INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 9. You seem surprised. DIRECT OBJECT: 0 INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 10. Their teacher helps them all the time. DIRECT OBJECT: 0 INDIRECT OBJECT: them

TRANSITIVE VERBS AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Not every verb takes a direct object. The direct object completes the meaning of the verb, but not every verb needs completion. For example: “I built last year.“  This sentence feels incomplete. Something is missing. What did I build? To complete the idea I should add a direct object  "I built a house last year.“ (Now the idea is complete.) An opposite example: “I ran yesterday.”  This sentence is completely fine just like that, right? The idea is complete, and the verb doesn't require a direct object.

TRANSITIVE VERBS Verbs that take direct objects are called transitive verbs. The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete without a direct object. "She is drinking a glass of water." Other samples (the transitive verb is green, the direct object is red): Could you bring an umbrella? They bought a yacht. I read all his books. He teaches driving. You promised to take us home. She plays the drums. The word transitive comes from the Latin "to go across." Intransitive means not transitive.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS Verbs that don't take direct objects are called intransitive verbs. The meaning of an intransitive verb is complete on its own. "She is standing." Other samples (the intransitive verb is green): Let's go. The kids are jumping. Sam is sleeping. We will talk tomorrow. He sits here. Her stomach aches sometimes after lunch.

OBJECTS AND TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS “Gerald baked his friends some cookies.” Because the cookies were directly affected by Gerald's action, they are the direct object of the transitive verb "baked.“ His friends were indirectly affected by his baking because he gave them the cookies. So, his friends are the indirect object of the verb "baked.“ The indirect object comes between the verb and the direct object, like in the example above. subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION - these objects are very easy to identify because they always come right after a preposition. “Gerald baked some cookies for his friends.” In this case, his friends are the object of the preposition because of the preposition for. subject + verb + direct object + object of the preposition

Look for the “INDIRECT OBJECT and OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION” in the sentence. 1. Lisa gave me her hat. INDIRECT OBJECT: me OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: 0 2. Lisa gave her hat to me. INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: me 3. James wrote me a note. INDIRECT OBJECT: me OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: 0 4. James wrote a note to me. INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: me 5. I am looking at the window. INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: window 6. You should sell your house to them. INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: them 7. You should sell them your house. INDIRECT OBJECT: them OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: 0 8. We want to pay you for your work. INDIRECT OBJECT: you OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: work 9. Why are they shouting at Tim? INDIRECT OBJECT: 0 OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: Tim 10. I thanked him for his efforts. INDIRECT OBJECT: him OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION: efforts

LINKING VERBS - verb that connects the subject with an adjective or a noun that identifies or describes it. "She seems very pleased." Example sentences: I am a singer. (Am connects the subject I with the noun singer. The noun singer tells the identity of the subject I.) He is Jack. (Is connects the subject he with the noun Jack. The noun Jack tells the identity of the subject he.) She became angry. (Became connects the subject she with the adjective angry. The adjective angry describes the subject she.) An adjective is a word that describes a person or thing. Examples: Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, loud, quick, fat. Example sentences: He has big blue eyes. The new car broke down. The old lady was talking in a quiet voice.

COMPLEMENTS - a word or a group of words (usually an adjective or a noun) that is used after linking verbs (such as be and become). The complement identifies or describes the subject of the verb. "She seems very pleased." Examples (the complement is in bold): I am a singer. He is Jack. She became angry. Amy turned red. You are a teacher. He is a good cook. He became a successful businessman.

Exercise: Linking verbs and complements
Match the correct complements from Table B with the subjects and linking verbs from Table A. Use the pictures in Table A to help. Table A: Subjects and linking verbs Table B: Complements a. sad. b. very happy! c. a farmer. d. terrible. e. tired. Exercise E: Linking verbs and complements 1. The mother and her little baby seem very happy. 2. That garbage smells terrible. 3. In the evening, Geoff becomes tired. 4. The boy looks sad. 5. Peter is a farmer.

What does TENSE Mean? ENGLISH VERB TENSES
A TENSE is a form of the verb which shows the time at which an action happens. It comes from the Latin word "tempus", which means "time".

ENGLISH VERB TENSES ASPECT TIME PRESENT PAST FUTURE Simple
Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future Progressive (Continuous) Present Progressive Past Progressive Future Progressive Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect Perfect + Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Future Perfect Progressive

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE The SIMPLE PRESENT is a form of the verb that shows the action or state happens in the present. For example: Lisa dances every day. Here are the different usages of this tense: Repeating actions or habits Facts or things which are true at all times Conditions (not actions) taking place at this moment

SIMPLE PRESENT - REPEATING ACTIONS OR HABITS
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT - REPEATING ACTIONS OR HABITS (The verbs are in bold)

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT - FACTS OR THINGS WHICH ARE TRUE AT ALL TIMES

SIMPLE PRESENT - CONDITIONS (NOT ACTIONS) TAKING PLACE AT THIS MOMENT
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT - CONDITIONS (NOT ACTIONS) TAKING PLACE AT THIS MOMENT

SIMPLE PRESENT - POSITIVE SENTENCES
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I verb I run every day. He/She/It verb + s He runs every day. She runs every day. It runs every day. You You run every day. We We run every day. They They run every day.

SIMPLE PRESENT - NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I do not / don't verb I don't run every day. He/She/It does not / doesn't He does not run every day. He doesn't run every day. She does not run every day. She doesn't run every day. It does not run every day. It doesn't run every day. You You do not run every day. You don't run every day. We We don't run every day. They They don't run every day.

SIMPLE PRESENT - QUESTION SENTENCES
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT - QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Do I verb Do I run every day? Does he/she/it Does he run every day? Does she run every day? Does it run every day? you Do you run every day? we Do we run every day? they Do they run every day?

SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "S" IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "S" IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT Verbs ending with "s", "ch", "sh", "x" or "z“ When a verb ends with s, ch, sh, x or z, we add the letter e, and then we add the letter s. In the following examples the part before the letter s is in purple and the letters es are in red. miss => miss + es misses watch watch + es watches wash wash + es washes fix fix + es fixes buzz buzz + es buzzes

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "S" IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT Verbs ending with "o“ When a verb ends with o, we add the letter e, and then we add the letter s. In the following examples the letter o is in purple and the letters es are in red. go => go + es goes do do + es does

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "S" IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT Verbs ending with "y“ When a verb ends with y and there is a consonant before it, the y changes into ie. Then the letter s is added. In the following examples the consonant is in blue, the part before the letter s is in green, and the letter s is in red. Vowel = a sound we make when the breath flows out through the mouth freely, without being blocked. The English letters a, e, i, o, u are called vowels, because they represent such sounds. Consonant = a sound we make that is not a vowel. The breath is somehow blocked on its way out of the mouth. For example, the sound b is made when breath flow is stopped with the lips. All the other English letters which are not vowels are called consonants. These are: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z. fly => flie + s flies try trie + s tries cry crie + s cries study studie + s studies

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "S" IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT Verbs ending with "y“ When a verb ends with y, and there is a vowel before it, we simply add the letter s to the verb. In the following examples the vowel is in orange, the part before the letter s is in green, and the letter s is in red. buy => buy + s buys say say + s says pay pay + s pays play play + s plays enjoy enjoy + s enjoys Vowel = a sound we make when the breath flows out through the mouth freely, without being blocked. The English letters a, e, i, o, u are called vowels, because they represent such sounds. Consonant = a sound we make that is not a vowel. The breath is somehow blocked on its way out of the mouth. For example, the sound b is made when breath flow is stopped with the lips. All the other English letters which are not vowels are called consonants. These are: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – Exercise 01
Change the verb into the correct form, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if you don't know. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints! 1. I usually go (go) to school. 2. They visit (visit) us often. 3. You play (play) basketball once a week. 4. Tom works (work) every day. 5. He always tells (tell) us funny stories. 6. She never helps (help) me with that! 7. Martha and Kevin swim (swim) twice a week. 8. In this club people usually dance (dance) a lot. 9. Linda takes care (take care) of her sister. 10. John rarely leaves (leave) the country. 11. We live (live) in the city most of the year. 12. Lorie travels (travel) to Paris every Sunday. 13. I bake (bake) cookies twice a month. 14. You always teach (teach) me new things. 15. She helps (help) the kids of the neighborhood.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE The SIMPLE PAST is a form of the verb that shows the action or state happened in the past. For example: Lisa danced yesterday. Regular Verbs Past form of the verb = Present form of the verb + ed / d Past form of work = work + ed = worked Past form of dance = dance + d = danced Irregular Verbs Can change in many different ways Drink = Drank Go = Went

SIMPLE PAST TENSE SIMPLE PAST - ACTIONS THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST
(The verbs are in bold)

SIMPLE PAST - POSITIVE SENTENCES
SIMPLE PAST TENSE SIMPLE PAST - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I regular verb: verb + ed irregular verb: past form of the verb I worked in Italy last year. I drank some juice yesterday. He/She/It He worked in Italy last year. He drank some juice yesterday. She worked in Italy last year. She drank some juice yesterday. It worked in Italy last year. It drank some juice yesterday. You You worked in Italy last year. You drank some juice yesterday. We We worked in Italy last year. We drank some juice yesterday. They They worked in Italy last year. They drank some juice yesterday.

SIMPLE PAST - NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SIMPLE PAST TENSE SIMPLE PAST - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I did not + verb I did not work in Italy last year. I didn't work in Italy last year. He/She/It He did not work in Italy last year. He didn't work in Italy last year. She did not work in Italy last year. She didn't work in Italy last year. It did not work in Italy last year. It didn't work in Italy last year. You You did not work in Italy last year. You didn't work in Italy last year. We We did not work in Italy last year. We didn't work in Italy last year. They They did not work in Italy last year. They didn't work in Italy last year.

SIMPLE PAST - QUESTION SENTENCES
SIMPLE PAST TENSE SIMPLE PAST - QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Did I verb Did I work in Italy last year? he/she/it Did he work in Italy last year? you Did she work in Italy last year? we Did we work in Italy last year? they Did they work in Italy last year?

SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "ED“ IN THE SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PAST TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "ED“ IN THE SIMPLE PAST VERBS ENDING WITH "CONSONANT-VOWEL-CONSONANT“ When a verb ends with a consonant-vowel-consonant and we put STRESS on this sound in speech, we double the last consonant. Then we add ed. In the following examples the consonant is in blue, the vowel is in green, and ed is in red. The STRESS is underlined. stop => stopp + ed stopped plan plann + ed planned

SIMPLE PAST TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "ED“ IN THE SIMPLE PAST VERBS ENDING WITH "CONSONANT-VOWEL-CONSONANT“ But if we don't put STRESS on this sound in speech, then we simply add ed. open => open + ed opened visit visit + ed visited listen listen + ed listened happen happen + ed happened

SIMPLE PAST TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "ED“ IN THE SIMPLE PAST VERBS ENDING WITH "E“ When a verb ends with the letter e, we add only the letter d. In the following examples the letter e is in purple, and the letter d is in red. dance => dance + d danced Smile smile + d smiled

SIMPLE PAST TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "ED“ IN THE SIMPLE PAST VERBS ENDING WITH "Y“ When a verb ends with the letter y and there is a consonant before it, the y changes into i. Then we add ed. In the following examples the consonant is in blue, the part before ed is in green, and ed is in red. try => tri + ed tried cry cri + ed cried study studi + ed studied

SIMPLE PAST TENSE SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING "ED“ IN THE SIMPLE PAST VERBS ENDING WITH "Y“ When a verb ends with y and there is a vowel before it, we simply add ed to the verb. In the following examples the vowel is in orange, the part before ed is in green, and ed is in red. stay => stay + ed stayed play play + ed played enjoy enjoy + ed enjoyed

SIMPLE PAST TENSE – Exercise 01
Change the verb into the correct form, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if you don't know. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints! Change the verb into the correct form: 1. Dan left (leave) very early today. 2. Sam and Sue bought (buy) a new house last month. 3. I visited (visit) Germany the previous week. 4. You played (play) very well. 5. They found (find) this book on their trip to Italy. 6. I baked (bake) this cake by myself. 7. We opened (open) the store in The rain finally stopped (stop), and we went (go) home. 9. She planned (plan) to come, but she had (have) some problems. 10. Kate had (have) a big house, but she sold (sell) it. 11. Rose was (be) very thin. 12. You were (be) at work yesterday morning. 13. We thought (think) New York was in England! 14. They brought (bring) this from their trip. 15. She always danced (dance) in the summer.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE The SIMPLE FUTURE is a form of the verb that shows the action or state will happen in the future. For example: Lisa will dance tomorrow. Here are the different usages of this tense: Future actions or future states Promises or intentions Note: we don't usually use "will" to talk about future plans. To talk about future plans we use "going to" or the Present Progressive. For example: Tomorrow morning we are going to visit grandma. or Tomorrow morning we are visiting grandma. For more data on the different ways you can express the future tense in English read the Using the Future Tense in English article.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE - FUTURE ACTIONS OR FUTURE STATES

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE - PROMISES OR INTENTIONS

SIMPLE FUTURE - POSITIVE SENTENCES
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I will + verb I will send the letter tomorrow. He/She/It He will send the letter tomorrow. She will send the letter tomorrow. It will send the letter tomorrow. You You will send the letter tomorrow. We We will send the letter tomorrow. They They will send the letter tomorrow.

SIMPLE FUTURE - NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I will + not + verb won't + verb I will not send the letter tomorrow. I won't send the letter tomorrow. He/She/It will + not + verb He will not send the letter tomorrow. He won't send the letter tomorrow. She will not send the letter tomorrow. She won't send the letter tomorrow. It will not send the letter tomorrow. It won't send the letter tomorrow. You You will not send the letter tomorrow. You won't send the letter tomorrow. We We will not send the letter tomorrow. We won't send the letter tomorrow. They They will not send the letter tomorrow. They won't send the letter tomorrow.

SIMPLE FUTURE - QUESTION SENTENCES
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE - QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Will I Verb Will I send the letter tomorrow? he/she/it Will he send the letter tomorrow? Will she send the letter tomorrow? Will it send the letter tomorrow? you Will you send the letter tomorrow? we Will we send the letter tomorrow? they Will they send the letter tomorrow?

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE – Exercise 01
Change the verb into the correct form, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if you don't know. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints! Change the verb into the correct form: 1. I will help (help) you with your homework. 2. She will be (be) here very soon. 3. They will come (come) at 8 o'clock. 4. You will call (call) me next week. 5. I will use (use) the money wisely. 6. We will return (return) as soon as possible. 7. It will rain (rain) tomorrow. 9. Ralf will pay (pay) for it. 10. Amanda will win (win) this game. 11. Maybe we will stay (stay) at home. 12. They will bake (bake) some cakes. 13. I will take (take) you with me next month. 14. Ashley will stay (stay) at home tonight. 15. It will be (be) very hot this summer.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) is a form of the verb that shows the action or state is in progress (continues) in the present. For example: Lisa is dancing right now. Here are the different usages of this tense: Actions that are happening now Actions that are currently in progress (Not at this exact moment, but in the present. For example: these days, this month, this year) Planned future actions Annoying repeating actions

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - ACTIONS THAT ARE HAPPENING NOW

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - ACTIONS WHICH ARE CURRENTLY IN PROGRESS (Not at this exact second, but in the present. For example: these days, this month, this year)

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - PLANNED FUTURE ACTIONS

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - ANNOYING REPEATING ACTIONS

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I am + verb + ing I am reading now. He/She/It is + verb + ing He is reading now. She is reading now. It is reading now. You are + verb + ing You are reading now. We are + verb + ing We are reading now. They They are reading now.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I am + not + verb + ing I am not reading now. I'm not reading now. He/She/It is + not + verb + ing He is not reading now. He isn't reading now. He's not reading now. She is not reading now. She isn't reading now. She's not reading now. It is not reading now. It isn't reading now. It's not reading now.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples You are + not + verb + ing You are not reading now. You aren't reading now. You're not reading now. We We are not reading now. We aren't reading now. We're not reading now. They They are not reading now. They aren't reading now. They're not reading now.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Am I verb + ing Am I reading now? Is he/she/it Is he reading now? Is she reading now? Is it reading now? Are you Are you reading now? we Are we reading now? they Are they reading now?

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE – Exercise 01
Change the verb into the correct form, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if you don't know. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints! Change the verb into the correct form: 1. Anna is resting (rest) right now. 2. I am talking (talk) on the phone at this moment. 3. Bella is cooking (cook) dinner now. 4. They are helping (help) the teacher right now. 5. He is running (run) very fast! 6. Julia is baking (bake) a chocolate cake at the moment. 7. I am having (have) fun! 8. You are dancing (dance) very nicely. 9. They are answering (answer) all the questions. 10. John is eating (eat) Salad, and I am eating fish. 11. Marta is driving (drive), and Chris is sleeping (sleep). 12. It is raining (rain). 13. I am writing (write) my homework. 14. We are working (work) on the new show right now. 15. Kate is lying (lie) in bed now.

PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The PAST PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) is a form of the verb that shows the action or state was in progress (continued) in the past. For example: Lisa was dancing yesterday at 8 o'clock. Past Progressive is often used together with Simple Past. For example: While Judi was washing the dishes the phone rang. Here are the different usages of this tense: Actions that were in progress at a certain point or at a certain time period in the past Annoying repeating actions in the past

PAST PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - Actions that were in progress at a certain point or at a certain time period in the past

PAST PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - Annoying repeating actions in the past

PAST PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I was + verb + ing I was studying the whole afternoon. He/She/It He was studying the whole afternoon. She was studying the whole afternoon. It was studying the whole afternoon. You were + verb + ing You were studying the whole afternoon. We were + verb + ing We were studying the whole afternoon. They They were studying the whole afternoon.

PAST PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I was + not + verb + ing wasn't + verb + ing I was not studying the whole afternoon. I wasn't studying the whole afternoon. He/She/It was + not + verb + ing wasn't + verb + ing He was not studying the whole afternoon. He wasn't studying the whole afternoon. She was not studying the whole afternoon. She wasn't studying the whole afternoon. It was not studying the whole afternoon. It wasn't studying the whole afternoon.

PAST PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples You were + not + verb + ing weren't + verb + ing You were not studying the whole afternoon. You weren't studying the whole afternoon. We were + not + verb + ing weren't + verb + ing We were not studying the whole afternoon. We weren't studying the whole afternoon. They They were not studying the whole afternoon. They weren't studying the whole afternoon.

PAST PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Was I verb + ing Was I studying the whole afternoon? he/she/it Was he studying the whole afternoon? Was she studying the whole afternoon? Was it studying the whole afternoon? Were you Were you studying the whole afternoon? we Were we studying the whole afternoon? they Were they studying the whole afternoon?

PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE – Exercise 01
Change the verb into the correct form, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if you don't know. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints! Change the verb into the correct form: 1. Yesterday at 5 o'clock I was eating (eat). 2. Last night, at 10 o'clock she was dancing (dance). 3. Tim was cooking (cook) while Susan was watching (watch) TV. 4. Barbara was painting (paint), and Joe was sleeping (sleep). 5. While you were resting (rest), I was cleaning (clean) the house. 6. While we were swimming (swim), the other team was running (run). 7. Jim was always coming (always come) late to work. 8. Dorothy was always smoking (always smoke) in the room. 9. Jack and Bob were always fighting (always fight) about something. 10. These two were constantly chatting (constantly chat). 11. James was reading (read) and Emily was listening (listen) to music. 12. While the singer was singing (sing), the crowd was jumping (jump). 13. The teacher was sleeping (sleep), and the students were laughing(laugh). 14. An hour ago I was jogging (jog). 15. They were always drinking (always drink) too much at parties.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) is a form of the verb that shows the action or state will be in progress at some time in the future. For example: Lisa will be dancing tomorrow at 8 o'clock. The Future Progressive is often used together with the Simple Present. For example: James will be cleaning the house when I arrive.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - Actions that will be in progress at a certain point or at a certain time period in the future

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I will + be + verb + ing I will be cleaning the house. He/She/It He will be cleaning the house. She will be cleaning the house. It will be cleaning the house. You You will be cleaning the house. We We will be cleaning the house. They They will be cleaning the house.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I will + not + be + verb + ing won't + be + verb + ing I will not be cleaning the house. I won't be cleaning the house. He/ She/ It He will not be cleaning the house. He won't be cleaning the house. She will not be cleaning the house. She won't be cleaning the house. It will not be cleaning the house. It won't be cleaning the house.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples You will + not + be + verb + ing won't + be + verb + ing You will not be cleaning the house. You won't be cleaning the house. We We will not be cleaning the house. We won't be cleaning the house. They They will not be cleaning the house. They won't be cleaning the house.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) - QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Will I be + verb + ing Will I be cleaning the house? he/she/it Will he be cleaning the house? Will she be cleaning the house? Will it be cleaning the house? you Will you be cleaning the house? we Will we be cleaning the house? they Will they be cleaning the house?

SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING “ING“ VERBS ENDING WITH "CONSONANT-VOWEL-CONSONANT“ When a verb ends with a consonant-vowel-consonant and we put STRESS on this sound in speech, we double the last consonant. Then we add ing. In the following examples the consonant is in blue, the vowel is in green, and ing is in red. The STRESS is underlined. run => runn + ing running stop stopp + ing stopping plan plann + ing planning begin beginn + ing beginning

SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING “ING“ VERBS ENDING WITH "CONSONANT-VOWEL-CONSONANT“ But if we don't put STRESS on this sound in speech, then we simply add ing. open => open + ing opening visit visit + ing visiting listen listen + ing listening happen happen + ing happening

SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING “ING“ VERBS ENDING WITH "E“ When a verb ends with the letter e, we first remove it, and then add ing. In the following examples the letter e is in purple and ing is in red. take => tak + ing taking make mak + ing making dance danc + ing dancing write writ + ing writing

SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING “ING“ VERBS ENDING WITH "IE“ When a verb ends with the letters ie, we change them into y and add ing. In the following examples the letters ie are in brown, the letter y is in brown too, and ing is in red. lie => ly + ing lying die dy + ing dying

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE – Exercise 01
Change the verb into the correct form, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if you don't know. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints! Change the verb into the correct form: 1. He will be waiting (wait) for quite some time. 2. Tomorrow at this time I will be dancing (dance) at a party. 3. Next week at this time I will be sunbathing (sunbathe) at the beach. 4. At 5 o'clock you will be helping (help) your brother. 5. This evening at 8 o'clock, she will be watching (watch) a movie with her friends. 6. Nicole will be having (have) a hard time. 7. We will be smiling (smile), and they will be crying (cry). 8. Rebecca will be cleaning (clean) the house, and John will be washing(wash) the dishes. 9. Tonight they will be talking (talk), dancing (dance) and having (have) a good time. 10. It will be raining (rain) tonight. 11. Tomorrow we will be resting (rest) and having (have) fun. 12. Tonight at 10 o'clock she will be coming (come) home. 13. The day after tomorrow he will be moving (move) his apartment. 14. At this time tomorrow, I will be sleeping (sleep) deeply. 15. You will be working (work) very hard to get that deal.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE The PRESENT PERFECT is a form of the verb that shows the action or state was complete before the present. For example: Lisa has danced already. PERFECT here means "complete, finished". It does not mean the action is "perfect" (100%). It means the action is finished. Here are the different usages of this tense: Actions that happened at an unspecified time before the present Actions that ended recently States that started in the past, and are still going on Note: this is a broader use of this tense. It is usually used with states, not actions.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT - Actions that happened at an unspecified time before the present

PRESENT PERFECT - Actions that ended recently
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT - Actions that ended recently

PRESENT PERFECT - States that started in the past,
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT - States that started in the past, and are still going on Note: this is a broader use of this tense. It is usually used with states, not actions.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE REGULAR VERBS
A regular verb is a verb that follows this rule: Past form of the verb = Present form of the verb + ed / d Past form of work = work + ed = worked Past form of dance = dance + d = danced We call the present form a base form, or V1 (Verb 1). We call the past form V2 (Verb 2). There is another form called V3 (Verb 3). That is the form that we use in the Perfect Tenses. V1 V2 V3 open opened stop stopped change changed

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE IRREGULAR VERBS
An irregular verb is a verb changes in many different ways. drink = drank go = went These are examples of Irregular Verbs: V1 V2 V3 take took taken buy bought eat ate eaten give gave given leave left am was been

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who?
Form of verb Examples I have + Verb 3 I have written a book. He/She/It has + Verb 3 He has written a book. She has written a book. It has written a book. You have + Verb 3 You have written a book. We We have written a book. They They have written a book.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who?
Form of verb Examples I have + not + Verb 3 haven't + Verb 3 I have not written a book. I haven't written a book. He/She/It has + not + Verb 3 hasn't + Verb 3 He has not written a book. He hasn't written a book. She has not written a book. She hasn't written a book. It has not written a book. It hasn't written a book.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who?
Form of verb Examples You have + not + Verb 3 haven't + Verb 3 You have not written a book. You haven't written a book. We We have not written a book. We haven't written a book. They They have not written a book. They haven't written a book.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT - QUESTION SENTENCES Who?
Form of verb Examples Have I Verb 3 Have I written a book? Has he/she/it Has he written a book? Has she written a book? Has it written a book? you Have you written a book? we Have we written a book? they Have they written a book?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – Exercise 01
Change the verb into the correct form, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if you don't know. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints! Change the verb into the correct form: 1. I have read (read) your book several times. 2. She has worn (wear) that skirt many times. 3. My family has visited (visit) Brazil a few times. 4. I have eaten (eat) already. 5. Marta has finished (finish) her homework. 6. You have broken (break) the glass again. 7. They have paid (pay) for everything. 8. It has never snowed (never snow) like that. 9. I have met (meet) Anna once. 10. We have seen (see) him before. 11. You have bought (buy) 4 cars so far. 12. There have been (be) problems. 13. I have had (have) a snake. 14. Maria has raised (raise) a monkey. 15. The kids have grown (grow) so much!

PAST PERFECT TENSE The PAST PERFECT is a form of the verb that shows the action or state was complete before some time in the past. For example: Lisa had danced before she came. PERFECT here means "complete, finished". It does not mean the action was "perfect" (100%). It means the action was finished. Here are the different usages of this tense: An action that happened before another action in the past An action that happened before a specific time in the past A state that started in the past, and continued up to some time in the past Note: this is a broader use of this tense. It is usually used with states, not actions.

PAST PERFECT TENSE The Past Perfect is often used together with the Simple Past. For example: Kate had sold her apartment before she moved to New York. The action closest to the present is in the Simple Past, and the action that came before it is in the Past Perfect.

PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT - An action that happened before another action in the past

PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT - An action that happened before
a specific time in the past

PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT - A state that started in the past,
and continued up to some time in the past

He had lost the bag. She had lost the bag. It had lost the bag.
PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I had + Verb 3 I had lost the bag. He/She/It He had lost the bag. She had lost the bag. It had lost the bag. You You had lost the bag. We We had lost the bag. They They had lost the bag.

PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb
Examples I had + not + Verb 3 hadn't + Verb 3 I had not lost the bag. I hadn't lost the bag. He/She/It He had not lost the bag. He hadn't lost the bag. She had not lost the bag. She hadn't lost the bag. It had not lost the bag. It hadn't lost the bag. You You had not lost the bag. You hadn't lost the bag. We We had not lost the bag. We hadn't lost the bag. They They had not lost the bag. They hadn't lost the bag.

Had he lost the bag? Had she lost the bag? Had it lost the bag?
PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT - QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Had I Verb 3 Had I lost the bag? he/she/it Had he lost the bag? Had she lost the bag? Had it lost the bag? you Had you lost the bag? we Had we lost the bag? they Had they lost the bag?

PAST PERFECT TENSE - Exercise 01

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE The FUTURE PERFECT is a form of the verb that shows the action or state will be complete before some time in the future. For example: Lisa will have danced tomorrow by 9 o'clock. PERFECT here means "complete, finished". It does not mean the action will be "perfect" (100%). It means the action will be finished. Here are the different usages of this tense: An action that will happen before another action in the future An action that will happen before a specific time in the future A state that will continue up to some time in the future Note: this is a broader use of this tense. It is usually used with states, not actions.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE The Future Perfect is often used together with Simple Present. For example: Jake will have passed his exams before he gets his degree.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT - An action that will happen before another action in the future

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT - An action that will happen before a specific time in the future

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT - A state that will continue up to some time in the future

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who?
Form of verb Examples I will + have + Verb 3 By next week, I will have paid the rent. He/She/It By next week, he will have paid the rent. By next week, she will have paid the rent. By next week, it will have paid the rent. You By next week, you will have paid the rent. We By next week, we will have paid the rent. They By next week, they will have paid the rent.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who?
Form of verb Examples I will + have + not + Verb 3 By next week, I will have not paid the rent. He/She/It By next week, he will have not paid the rent. By next week, she will have not paid the rent. By next week, it will have not paid the rent. You By next week, you will have not paid the rent. We By next week, we will have not paid the rent. They By next week, they will have not paid the rent.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT - QUESTION SENTENCES Who?
Form of verb Examples Will I have + Verb 3 By next week, will I have paid the rent? he/she/it By next week, will he have paid the rent? By next week, will she have paid the rent? By next week, will it have paid the rent? you By next week, will you have paid the rent? we By next week, will we have paid the rent? they By next week, will they have paid the rent?

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE - Exercise 01

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous) is a form of the verb that shows the action or state started in the past and continued until the present. For example: Lisa has been dancing for 3 hours without stopping. Here are the different usages of this tense: An action that started in the past, and continued up until the present To show something was happening lately

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - An action that started in the past, and continued up until the present

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - To show something was happening lately

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE – POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I have + been + verb + ing I have been waiting for an hour. He/She/It has + been + verb + ing He has been waiting for an hour. She has been waiting for an hour. It has been waiting for an hour. You have + been + verb + ing You have been waiting for an hour. We We have been waiting for an hour. They They have been waiting for an hour.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE – NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I have + not + been + verb + ing haven't + been + verb + ing I have not been waiting for an hour. I haven't been waiting for an hour. He/She/It has + not + been + verb + ing hasn't + been + verb + ing He has not been waiting for an hour. He hasn't been waiting for an hour. She has not been waiting for an hour. She hasn't been waiting for an hour. It has not been waiting for an hour. It hasn't been waiting for an hour.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE – NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples You have + not + been + verb + ing haven't + been + verb + ing You have not been waiting for an hour. You haven't been waiting for an hour. We We have not been waiting for an hour. We haven't been waiting for an hour. They They have not been waiting for an hour. They haven't been waiting for an hour.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE – QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Have I been + verb + ing Have I been waiting for an hour? Has he/she/it Has he been waiting for an hour? Has she been waiting for an hour? Has it been waiting for an hour? you Have you been waiting for an hour? we Have we been waiting for an hour? they Have they been waiting for an hour?

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE - Exercise 01

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) is a form of the verb that shows the action or state started in the past and continued until some point in the past. For example: Lisa had been dancing for 2 hours before she got tired. Here are the different usages of this tense: An action that started in the past, and continued up until another time or action in the past The Past Perfect Progressive is often used together with the Simple Past. For example: Sam had been driving all night before he reached home. The action closest to the present is in the Simple Past, and the action that came before it is in the Past Perfect Progressive.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - An action that started in the past, and continued up until another time or action in the past

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I had + been + verb + ing I had been waiting all day. He/She/It He had been waiting all day. She had been waiting all day. It had been waiting all day. You You had been waiting all day. We We had been waiting all day. They They had been waiting all day.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I had + not + been + verb + ing hadn't + been + verb + ing I had not been waiting all day. I hadn't been waiting all day. He/She/It He had not been waiting all day. He hadn't been waiting all day. She had not been waiting all day. She hadn't been waiting all day. It had not been waiting all day. It hadn't been waiting all day. You You had not been waiting all day. You hadn't been waiting all day. We We had not been waiting all day. We hadn't been waiting all day. They They had not been waiting all day. They hadn't been waiting all day.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - QUESTION SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples Had I been + verb + ing Had I been waiting all day? he/she/it Had he been waiting all day? Had she been waiting all day? Had it been waiting all day? you Had you been waiting all day? we Had we been waiting all day? they Had they been waiting all day?

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE - Exercise 01

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The Future Perfect Progressive (Continuous) is a form of the verb that shows the action or state will continue until some point in the future. For example: By tomorrow morning, Lisa will have been dancing for 12 hours. Here are the different usages of this tense: An action that will continue up until some time in the future

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE - An action that will continue up until some time in the future

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - POSITIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I will + have + been + verb + ing I will have been teaching for ten years by 2014. He/She/It He will have been teaching for ten years by She will have been teaching for ten years by It will have been teaching for ten years by 2014. You You will have been teaching for ten years by 2014. We We will have been teaching for ten years by 2014. They They will have been teaching for ten years by 2014.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE – NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples I will + not + have + been + verb + ing won't + have + been + verb + ing I will not have been teaching for ten years by I won't have been teaching for ten years by 2014. He/She/It He will not have been teaching for ten years by He won't have been teaching for ten years by She will not have been teaching for ten years by She won't have been teaching for ten years by It will not have been teaching for ten years by It won't have been teaching for ten years by 2014.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE – NEGATIVE SENTENCES Who? Form of verb Examples You will + not + have + been + verb + ing won't + have + been + verb + ing You will not have been teaching for ten years by You won't have been teaching for ten years by 2014. We We will not have been teaching for ten years by We won't have been teaching for ten years by 2014. They They will not have been teaching for ten years by They won't have been teaching for ten years by 2014.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE - Exercise 01

ENGLISH VERB TENSES SUMMARY
Aspect Time Present Past Future Simple Simple Present shows the action or state happens in the present. (with s for singular subject except for I and You) Simple Past shows the action or state happened in the past. (add ed or d for regular verb) Simple Future shows the action or state will happen in the future. (will + V1) Lisa dances everyday. Lisa danced yesterday. Lisa will dance tomorrow. Progressive (Continuous) Present Progressive shows the action or state is in progress (continues) in the present. (is/are/am + verb with ING) Past Progressive shows the action or state was in progress (continued) in the past. (was/were + verb with ING) Future Progressive shows the action or state will be in progress at some time in the future. (will be + verb with ING) Lisa is dancing now. Lisa was dancing yesterday morning at 8am. Lisa will be dancing tomorrow at 8am. Perfect Present Perfect shows the action or state was complete before the present. (has/have + V3) Past Perfect shows the action or state was complete before some time in the past. (had + V3) Future Perfect shows the action or state will be complete before some time in the future. (will have + V3) Lisa has danced already. Lisa had danced already before she came home. Lisa will have danced already before she gets home. Perfect + Progressive Present Perfect Progressive shows the action or state started in the past and continued until the present. (has been/have been + verb with ING) Past Perfect Progressive shows the action or state started in the past and continued until some point in the past. (had been + verb with ING) Future Perfect Progressive shows the action or state will continue until some point in the future. (will have been + verb with ING) Lisa has been dancing for 3 hours without stopping. Lisa had been dancing for 2 hours before she got tired. Lisa will have been dancing for 3 hours by 4pm.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR ARTICLES
An ARTICLE is a word that is used before a noun to show whether the noun refers to something specific or not. “A”, “an” and “the” are articles. In English, there are two kinds of grammar articles. The Definite Article: For example: the box The Indefinite Article: For example: a box

The definite article tells us that the noun is specific. The speaker talks about a particular (or known) thing. “Definite” means “clear, obvious.” The definite article in English is "the." Examples: "The car I bought broke down." "He has a son and a daughter. The daughter is a doctor." "The actors were really good." "I remember the day we first met.“ "The" can be used before both singular and plural nouns. "The flower he gave her was very beautiful." "The flowers on the table are nice." Pronouncing the definite article There are two different ways to pronounce the definite article the. Pronounce it like "thuh" before nouns that begin with a spoken consonant A spoken consonant is the sound at the beginning of a word that is not one of the five vowels (a, e, i, o, u). Examples: the bear, the cat, the girls Pronounce it like "thee" before nouns that begin with a spoken vowel A spoken vowel is the sound at the beginning of a word that is a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y). Examples: the apple, the umbrella, the old school, the yellow bus

The indefinite article tells us that the noun is not specific. The speaker talks about any one of that type of thing. "Indefinite" means "not clear, not exact.“ The indefinite articles in English are "a" and "an." Examples: “I need a pen.” (The speaker doesn't tell us which pen he needs. He simply needs a pen, any pen.) “Lisa wants to see a movie.” (The speaker doesn't tell us which movie Lisa wants to see. She wants to see some movie.) “Joe has a car.” (The speaker doesn't tell us which car Joe has. He has some car.)

What is the difference between "a" and "an"? "A" and "an" have the same meaning. Important!: We use "a" and "an" only before a singular noun. We can't use "a" and "an" before a plural noun. We use "a" before a consonant sound. We use "an" before a vowel sound. Examples: a dog an apple a building an umbrella a country an eye a professor an hour a university Examples: Correct: a car.  Correct: an orange.  Incorrect: a cars.  Incorrect: a oranges. 

ENGLISH GRAMMAR ARTICLES SUMMARY

ENGLISH GRAMMAR ARTICLES - Exercise 01

ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS A PREPOSITION is a word which is used before a noun to show its connection to another word in the sentence. For example: The book is on the table. The word "on" is used before "the table". We understand that the book is on the table. It is not under it, above it or beside it, for example. The name "preposition" (pre + position) means "put before". So prepositions usually come before the noun.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE Prepositions of Place: at, in, on
at for a POINT (“At” tells us that the following noun is located at a specific point or location. It shows an exact position.) "She's waiting at the entrance." "He's sitting on his chair at his desk." "I work at a bank.“ in for an ENCLOSED SPACE (“In” tells us the noun is in an enclosed space (surround or closed off on all sides). Basically, when something is inside something.) “In a box.” “In a room.” “In a country.” on for a SURFACE (“On” tells us that the following noun is located on a surface. Use on when one thing is attached to or touching something.) On the table. On the floor. On the chair.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE “at” POINT “in” ENCLOSED SPACE “on” SURFACE
at the corner in the garden on the wall at the bus stop in London on the ceiling at the door in France on the door at the top of the page in a box on the cover at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet at the crossroads in a building on the menu at the front desk in a car on a page Examples: Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop. I have a meeting in New York. I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE “at” “in” “on” at home in a car on a bus at work
in a taxi on a train at school in a helicopter on a plane at university in a boat on a ship at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television at the side in a row on the left, on the right

Prepositions of Place: At, In or On? - Exercise 01

MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME Prepositions of Time: at, in, on at for a PRECISE TIME in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS on for DAYS and DATES “at” PRECISE TIME “in” MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS “on” DAYS and DATES at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays at noon in the summer on March 6 at dinnertime in 1990 on Dec at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME Prepositions of Time: at, in, on Examples:
I have a meeting at 9am. The shop closes at midnight. Jane went home at lunchtime. In England, it often snows in December. Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future? There should be a lot of progress in the next century. Do you work on Mondays? Her birthday is on November 20. Where will you be on New Year's Day?

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions: Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions: Expression Example at night The stars shine at night. at the same time We finished the test at the same time. at present He's not home at present. Try later. “in” “on” in the morning on Tuesday morning in the mornings on Saturday mornings in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoon(s) in the evening(s) on Monday evening(s)

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on. I went to London last June. (not in last June) He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday) I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter) We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Prepositions of Time: At, In or On? - Exercise 01

COMPREHENSIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR TRAINING

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COMPREHENSIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR TRAINING

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