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Classification: Taxonomy

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Presentation on theme: "Classification: Taxonomy"— Presentation transcript:

1 Classification: Taxonomy

2 Why Classify? Scientific Names are dependable and universally accepted! Common Names: mountain lion, puma, panther, cougar Scientific Name: Felis concolor

3 Review of Taxonomy Taxonomy – grouping and naming organisms based upon their characteristics. Essential study in biology to disclose evolutionary relationships and group them in a logical manner.

4 History of Classification
Carolus Linnaeus ( ) Based upon structural similarities of organisms. A Natural System meaning organisms are grouped into as many groups and subgroups as their similarities and differences require. Created Binomial Nomenclature, a 2-part scientific naming system. Example: Homo sapiens Used Latin. (Dead Language) Goes along with Darwin’s ideas of common ancestry.

5 Overview of Taxonomy At the start, each group is very broad and includes many organisms. At each level, two groups are further subdivided by more specific criteria. Any group of organisms is called a taxon (plural, taxa). At the very top is the domain. Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya

6 Naming Organisms The Two parts that make up the scientific name: Genus species (Binomial Nomenclature!) Examples: Homo sapiens – Human Bubo Virginianus – Great Horned Owl

7 Complete classsification

8 How are Evolutionary Relationships determined?
The following characteristics provide the clues about how species evolved and also reveal the probable evolutionary relationships of species! Structural Similarities Many shared physical structures implies species are closely related and may have evolved from a common ancestor An animal with retractable claws might be related to what group? Breeding Behavior Differences in mating behavior (calls, time of year, location) Geographical Distribution Darwin’s Finches Divergent Evolution/Adaptive Radiation Chromosome Comparisons Chromosome number & structure Biochemistry Similar DNA sequences, similar proteins DNA-DNA hybridization takes heated DNA from two species and determines how well they will match up. DNA sequencing, Protein Clocks (gives time species diverged.)

9 Phylogeny Phylogeny – the evolutionary history of a species, not just physical similarities. Often called Evolutionary Classification. A system of classification on this basis is called phylogenetic. One system based upon this is cladistics. When groups of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group, they retain some unique inherited characteristics called derived characters or traits. Cladograms are like pedigrees. Branches that are closer to one another share a more recent ancestor than those farther away.

10 Six Kingdom System

11 The Six Kingdom System: Archaebacteria
Include prokaryotes without membrane bound nuclei Microscopic Unicellular Cell Walls without peptidoglycan Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Chemosynthetic & Photosynthetic Oldest fossils are 3.5 Billion years old Live in extreme environments without Oxygen

12 The Six Kingdom System: Eubacteria
Are prokaryotes that have very strong cell walls Microscopic Unicellular Heterotrophs Autotrophs Live in most habitats except extremes where archaebacteria live. Some cause disease, most are harmless and/or helpful. These 2 kingdoms are called monera and make up the most amount of biodiversity in the world.

13 The Six Kingdom System: Protista
Eukaryotic Means “very first” meaning they were the first eukaryotes Lacks complex organ systems 10,000 known species Lives in moist environments Oldest fossils are 2 billion years old Unicellular & Multicellular Can be plant-like autotrophs, animal-like heterotrophs, or fungus-like heterotrophs. Very diverse kingdom, a hodgepodge of eukaroytic organisms that did not fit into the other eukaryotic kingdoms.

14 The Six Kingdom System: Fungi
Unicellular & Multicellular Heterotrophs only! Does not move place to place Absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment Oldest fossils are 400 million years old 100,000 known species

15 The Six Kingdom System: Plantae
Multicellular only! Autotrophs, Photosynthetic Eukaryotes Do not move place to place Contain Chloroplasts & Cell Walls made of Cellulose. Oldest fossils are 400 million years old. 500,000 known species Have organized tissues that make up organs and organ systems.

16 The Six Kingdom System: Animalia
Multicellular only! Heterotrophs Carnivores : meat only Herbivores : plants only Omnivores : meat and plants Eukaryotes Able to move place to place Oldest fossils are 600 million years old. 1.5 Million known species (maybe 20x that number unknown) 100 species go extinct everyday 40,000 go extinct per year since 2000, the highest in 65 million years! 200 animal species are endangered in the USA. 1000 endangered worldwide.

17 How do we Classify Organisms?
We can create dichotomous keys – a set of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms. We will make one of moon men!


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