1. Modality Principle Dahwun Kim, Learning Design and Technology dahwun@stanford.edu : Present Words as Speech Rather than Onscreen Text Why? Avoid ways that conflicts with Cognitive Theory of Learning Human have separate information processing channels for visual/pictorial processing and for auditory/verbal processing “ ” 3 Visual Representation Auditory Sounds

2. 3 Pictorial Images Printed Words Multimedia Sensory Memory 3 Pictorial Images Spoken Words Working Memory Phonetic Processing Visual Processing Phonetic Processing Visual Processing avoid overloading visual channel of working memory

3. Redundancy Principle 1 : Present Words in Both Text and Audio Avoid presenting words as narration and identical text in the presence of graphics Information Delivery Theory Cognitive Theory of Multimedia learning Separate channels for processing verbal and pictorial information Each channel is limited in the amount of processing (at one time) Learners actively build pictorial & verbal models from the presented material and build connections People learn by adding information to memory vs

4. Redundancy Principle 2 Consider the narration of onscreen text in special situations (+) (-) When there are no pictures. The learner has ample time to process the pictures and words. The learner is likely to have difficulty processing spoken words Words and pictures are presented simultaneously at fast pace Situations to consider/avoid Narration