1. Image shutterstock.com CHAPTER 15 Furniture Styles and Construction Housing and Interior Design by Carolyn S. Turner

2. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Analyze various furniture styles. Evaluate quality furniture construction. Summarize consumer protections for buying furniture. Objectives

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Furniture Styles and Construction The first two steps in furnishing an interior space are –choosing furniture styles –evaluating furniture construction Design has three characteristics, including –function –construction –aesthetics

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Choosing Furniture Styles Choosing furniture styles is a matter of personal preference Analyzing the various styles can give you a good idea of which styles are pleasing and fit the design plan Furniture style refers to design only –not the cost or the quality of construction

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Furniture Styles Furniture styles can be documented throughout history –The Ancient Egyptians in 3000 B.C. were the first to document furniture styles bedframe leg of a stool chairs (for rich & powerful) continued

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Furniture Styles –Fine quality Oriental furniture dates back to 300 B.C. 1100 furniture furniture from 1527

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Furniture Styles –Styles of Ancient Rome can be documented from 700 B.C. Roman Dining Couch (for rich and powerful)

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Furniture Styles Ancient Greek styles date back to 1100 B.C. Klismos - chair designed primarily for women Kline – used for sleeping and dining – high enough for table to fit under it.

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Furniture Styles Fine furniture making began its recovery in the 1200s with the emergence of Gothic art in Western Europe Many furniture styles used today are influenced by traditional design ©androfroll/Shutterstock.com

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Furniture Styles Traditional, or period, furniture styles are designs created in the past and are still in use today Most furniture styles are named after the rulers of the era or the craftsman who actually created them

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from France Furniture styles were grand and formal while Louis XIII was King of France (1610- 1643) –Rich inlays, carvings, and classical motifs were typical continued

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from France Louis XIV ruled France from 1643-1715 and built the Palace of Versailles –The furnishings had heavy ornamentation and gold overlays continued

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from France These characteristics in the Palace of Versailles mark the influential French Baroque period (1600-1800) continued ©Jose Ignacio Soto/Shutterstock.com

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from France Louis XV (1715-1774) furniture styles (Rococo period) had smaller proportions and were more delicate –Curved lines and soft colors were dominant continued

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from France Popular furniture styles when Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette ruled France (Neoclassical Period 1774-1792) included –simple, straight lines and such classic motifs as fluted columns

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from France The Empire style became popular when Napoleon ruled France, and included –large, heavy furniture –ornamentation with Napoleon’s initial and military symbols –Egyptian, Greek, and Roman motifs continued

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from France During the 17th and 18th centuries, artisans copied styles that were popular in the court at Paris –The French Provincial style was practical, functional, and comfortable –The furniture copies used local wood and simplified decorations

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from England Jacobean furniture became popular during the reigns of James I and Charles I The decorative features in heavy oak furniture included –turning –fluting continued

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from England Turning is made by rotating wood on a lathe to create a spiral effect Fluting is made by carving parallel grooves into the wood continued ©Valeriy Lebedev/Shutterstock.com

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from England During the reign of Queen Anne, there was an Oriental influence in furniture Furniture details included –graceful carved fans and shells –cabriole legs with a gentle S-shaped curve that ends in a decorative foot continued

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from England Georgian style became popular during the reigns of Kings George I, II, and III The style names reflected their designers and included –Thomas Chippendale –James and Robert Adam (brothers) –George Hepplewhite –Thomas Sheraton continued

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from England The Chippendale design had Gothic and Chinese influences, including –splat-back chairs –chair backs with curved top edges –S-shaped legs with claw and ball feet continued ©Mountain Light Studios/Shutterstock.com

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from England Robert and James Adam designed furniture that –complemented their architectural designs –was classic and symmetrical –had designs with simple outlines rectangular shapes tapered, straight legs continued

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from England George Hepplewhite is most famous for his graceful chair designs –The chair backs had shield, oval, and heart shapes Thomas Sheraton use characteristic straight lines with such features as –motifs of urns, swags, and leaves –disappearing drawers, folding tables, secret compartments, and other mechanical devices continued

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Styles from England The Regency furniture style reflected –interest in the ancient cultures of Greece, Rome, and Egypt –bold, curved lines The Victorian furniture style included –excessive use of ornamentation –massive proportions –dark colors

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional American Styles Early American furnishings were –built by the first European settlers –sturdy and practical –made from native woods (maple, pine, and oak) Ladder-back and Windsor chairs, and canopy beds were common continued ©Perry Correll/Shutterstock.com

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional American Styles The wingback chair was popular during the colonial period, and featured –a high back with winglike sides, graceful lines, and S-shaped legs The Federal style became popular after the American Revolution, and featured –patriotic symbols, such as eagles, stars, and stripes continued

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional American Styles Duncan Phyfe was a major furniture designer of the Federal period His designs included –brass-tipped dog feet –curved legs –rolled top rails on chair and sofa backs continued

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional American Styles The Shakers gained recognition for their use of the circular saw in making furniture in the early 1800s –The furniture was very plain in design, but often painted in bright colors –Shakers are best known for their side chairs and rockers

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Twentieth-Century Furniture Styles At the beginning of the 20th century, designers wished to create furniture designs that reflected a modern lifestyle –They designed furniture with simpler lines and forms The primary characteristic of Modern furniture was the use of abstract form The ability to mass-produce machine-made furniture was a strong influence continued

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Twentieth-Century Furniture Styles International designs also had a significant influence on the Modern period, including –Art Nouveau –De Stijl –Bauhaus –Organic –Art Deco –Modern Scandinavian Many architects influenced this style

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Art Nouveau The Art Nouveau style began as a revolt against historical revival styles –The term is French for New Art –The movement began in the 1800s and lasted until the early 1900s The style reflected an interest in the decorative arts continued

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Art Nouveau Features of the Art Nouveau style included –Japanese motifs –curved lines reflecting natural growing forms of plants (blossoms, vines, and stalks) ©Richcat/Shutterstock.com

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. De Stijl De Stijl began as an art movement around 1917 in the Netherlands It was led by Dutch architect and furniture designer, Gerrit Rietveld, and featured –geometric forms, such as rectangles –an abstract art influence –three primary colors─red, blue, and yellow

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Bauhaus The German Bauhaus movement strongly influenced the direction of furniture design in the early 1900s –Architect Walter Gropius established the Bauhaus school of design in Germany in 1919 continued ©Claudio Diviizia/Shutterstock.com

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Bauhaus “Form follows function” was the Bauhaus philosophy Typical Bauhaus furniture designs were very simple Chair designs by Marcel Breuer and Mies van der Rohe became popular during this period

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Arts and Crafts The Arts and Crafts movement –began with John Ruskin and William Morris –protested the shoddy industrial production of goods in Victorian design –urged a return to creative, quality handwork by craftsman who used materials honestly and with less-elaborate detail –was shortened to “Craftsman” after a magazine published by Gustav Stickley continued

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Arts and Crafts Gustav Stickley was a famous furniture designer whose designs were also called –Mission or Golden Oak style His furniture designs were simple, functional, and sturdy with emphasis on –the details of the art of joining pieces of wood –a handmade appearance, including tenon and key joints, exposed tenons, and visible dowels

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Organic Design The furniture designs by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright and his followers signified an organic style His designs –complement their natural surroundings –work within the natural terrain –take advantage of sunlight and breezes –use wood, masonry, and glass –use geometric shapes, flat surfaces, and slats

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Art Deco Art Deco was the most popular international decorative style in the 1920s and 1930s and –supported the public’s interest in fast-moving trains, ocean liners, and cars –used unusual combinations of industrial materials and traditional luxury materials –was influenced by mechanical, Native American, and African art

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Modern Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian design began in the late 1920s in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden Chair designs had molded wood seats and arms continued ©Bertrand Benoit/Shutterstock.com

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Modern Scandinavian To achieve the molded technique –veneers of wood are shaped by applying steam or heat –white birch was typically used because of its hard surface, firmness, and unusual pliability Scandinavian style features –were clean, simple lines, of natural wood –used simple fabrics of wool, cotton, or linen for upholstery continued

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Modern Scandinavian The furniture style was also popular because it was –warm –natural –easy to maintain The smaller scale of the pieces worked well in apartments and smaller homes

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Late Twentieth-Century Styles The Retro style of the 1950s and 1960s used many popular elements from the early 1900s, including –triangular, boomerang, and rhomboid shapes Some retro armchairs feature forms that hug the body, such as –the butterfly chair designed by Harry Bertoi continued

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Late Twentieth-Century Styles The simple chrome molded-plywood chair designed by Charles Eames was a very important piece of this period Modular furniture units evolved during this period continued ©CVADRAT/Shutterstock.com

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Late Twentieth-Century Styles Radical Modern design popular in the late 1960s, featured –inexpensive and serviceable furniture –furniture that conforms to the body, such as the beanbag chair continued ©John Kasawa/Shutterstock.com

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Late Twentieth-Century Styles The Postmodern design style of the late 1900s used –traditional shapes constructed of different materials and finishes Architect Robert Venturi designed a Queen Anne chair of bent plywood, resulting in –light-hearted reinterpretations of historical design continued

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Late Twentieth-Century Styles The goal of the Postmodern movement was to –remove furniture design from a factory process –return it to the realm of art –design furniture that machines could not produce

49. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Twentieth-First Century Furniture Styles There are five dominant furniture styles popular in the United States, including –Contemporary –Traditional –Casual –Country –Eclectic The styles are available in many different price ranges and levels of quality

50. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Contemporary Contemporary furniture styles are the latest introductions to the market, and –take advantage of the newest materials and manufacturing methods –use of plastics, metals, wood, and glass create an endless range of visual effects –use simple lines, forms, and geometric shapes

51. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Traditional Traditional furniture continues to be inspired by the early designs of the French, English, and American periods, and includes –symmetry and graceful, carved curves –rich fabric colors –wood finishes are dark with a polished sheen This style conveys a sense of elegance

52. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Casual Casual style furniture emphasizes comfort and informality, including –an overstuffed look in sofas and chairs –carefree fabric designs –use of pine, ash, oak, and maple The beginnings of this style do not date back to any single historical period

53. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Country Country style traces is origins to the lifestyles of rural areas, including –American, English, Italian, French, and Irish Country influences Characteristics of the style vary among countries continued ©James Marvin Phelps Shutterstock.com

54. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Country Country style furniture uses –painted or distressed wood finishes –natural pine, cherry, and oak –plump and comfortable chairs and sofas –fabric designs that appear timeworn

55. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Eclectic Eclectic style can mix different ethnic, historical, and international influences Effective use of the principles of design helps create a unified look –Furnishings should be in proportion to one another and relate in mood –Textures and colors may also help unify the design scheme

56. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Antiques, Collectibles, and Reproductions Contemporary, Casual, Country, Traditional, and Eclectic are the dominant styles in furniture Antiques, collectibles, and reproductions continue to be popular choices, and –can mix well with many styles of furniture

57. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Antiques Antiques are pieces of furniture made over 100 years ago in the style of the period –Quality pieces are hard to locate Furniture that is very old and reflects good construction can be costly The finest antiques are –museum quality, very rare, and expensive

58. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Collectibles and Reproductions Collectibles are highly valued furnishings less than 100 years old, no longer made, and will become antiques if kept long enough Reproductions are copies of antique originals –Determining whether a furniture piece is authentic or a reproduction requires careful inspection and research

59. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Evaluating Furniture Construction Furniture materials can be used alone or in combination with other materials The furniture you select for a design scheme depends on the –desires of the household –mood of the room –money available to carry out the design continued

60. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Evaluating Furniture Construction In order for a design to be successful, the functional quality of furniture needs to be evaluated for –usefulness –convenience –organization The aesthetic value of furniture needs to have a pleasing appearance or effect continued

61. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Evaluating Furniture Construction Furniture should be safe, durable, and use materials that meet industry standards Understanding furniture construction can –help you choose the highest-quality furniture for the money available ©gualtiero boffi/Shutterstock.com

62. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Wood in Furniture Wood is the most common material used in furniture construction A case good is a furniture piece in which wood is the primary construction material, including –tables, desks, dressers, headboards, and chests continued

63. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Wood in Furniture Wood for furniture construction can be classified according to –type and quality of wood grain –hardwood versus softwood –solid versus bonded wood –type of wood joints –finished versus unfinished wood These factors affect furniture quality

64. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Grain A wood grain, or pattern, forms as a tree grows –Stump wood forms a beautiful grain from the twisted and irregular growth of the tree’s roots –Crotch wood forms a special grain when branches grow out from the trunk of a tree –Burls are a woody, flattened outgrowth with a unique and highly prized grain Lumber is cut to show off the grain

65. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hardwood and Softwood Hardwood comes from deciduous trees, or trees that lose their leaves –Walnut, mahogany, pecan, cherry, maple, and oak are used for quality furniture –Hardwood does not dent easily –It is stronger and more costly than softwood continued ©Elena Elisseeva/Shutterstock.com

66. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hardwood and Softwood Softwood comes from coniferous trees, or evergreens that do not shed their leaves –Softwood dents easily and does not have as beautiful a grain as hardwood –Cedar, redwood, pine, fir, and spruce are the most common softwoods used for furniture ©baur/Shutterstock.com

67. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Solid Wood and Bonded Wood Solid wood means that all exposed parts of a furniture piece are made of whole pieces of wood Bonded wood is the application of glue and pressure to several layers of wood, including –veneered wood –pressed wood continued

68. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Solid Wood and Bonded Wood Veneered wood, or plywood, has three, five, or seven thin layers of wood bonded to one another, to a solid wood core, or to a pressed wood core –Outside layers are fine woods –Inside layers are inexpensive woods Veneering makes fine woods available at a moderate cost continued

69. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Solid Wood and Bonded Wood Pressed wood is of shavings, veneer scraps, chips, and other small pieces of wood Other names for pressed wood include –particleboard, wafer board, or composite board Pressed wood is often used on parts of furniture that do not show

70. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Wood Joints Mortise-and-tenon joint forms by gluing the tenon into the mortise, or hole –It is one of the strongest joints –This joint uses no nails or screws Double-dowel joints form by fitting glued wooden dowels into drilled holes in both pieces of wood continued

71. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Wood Joints Dovetail joints use tightly fitting flaring tenons and mortises to interlock two pieces of wood at a corner continued ©robcocquyt/Shutterstock.com

72. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Wood Joints Tongue-and-groove joints form by fitting a tongue cut on one edge of a board into a matching groove cut on the edge of another board Butt joints involve gluing or nailing one board flush to another board Corner blocks are small pieces of wood attached between corner boards to support and reinforce the joint

73. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Finished and Unfinished Wood Most furniture pieces are already finished Finishes include –water and oil based stains to bring out the natural beauty of woods –sealers to help furniture resist moisture –waxes to preserve and finish the wood –paints to hide unattractive surfaces continued

74. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Discuss Untreated wood surfaces appeal to those who enjoy finishing furniture themselves What factors should people consider before deciding to finish furniture themselves? Why? ©Firma V/Shutterstock.com

75. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Finished and Unfinished Wood When buying wood furniture, consider the quality characteristics Labels on furniture offer –information about the finishes –the purpose of the finishes –the care they should receive

76. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Plastic, Metal, Rattan, Wicker, Bamboo, and Glass Furniture Evaluate all materials for quality when buying furniture, including –plastic –metal –rattan –wicker –bamboo –glass

77. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Plastic Plastic furniture is lightweight, sturdy, and easy to clean The best use of plastic furniture is in modern and contemporary settings ©Victoria Andreas/Shutterstock.com

78. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Metal Metal is popular for both indoor and outdoor furniture Wrought iron, steel, cast aluminum, and chrome are all used in furnishings, and are often combined with –wood –fabric –glass –marble

79. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Rattan, Wicker, and Bamboo For casual or informal settings, rattan, wicker, and bamboo furniture combine natural wood frames with woven stems or branches continued ©Elena Elisseeva/Shutterstock.com

80. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Rattan, Wicker, and Bamboo Construction of wicker furniture requires loosely weaving thin branches around a frame, and features –paint, lacquer, or varnish finishes –a natural gloss, and is lightweight, durable, water-resistant –Wicker furniture can be used indoors or outdoors continued

81. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Rattan, Wicker, and Bamboo Bamboo furniture uses various woody grasses with strong hollow stems –The stems form the frame of the furniture When evaluating rattan, wicker, and bamboo furniture, be sure the –strands are smooth and unbroken –joints are well wrapped and secure –finish is a high quality

82. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Glass Glass is popular for tabletops and cabinet doors, and features –tempered glass for safety and durability –a design that holds the glass firmly in place –surfaces that should be free from bubbles, scratches, and other defects

83. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Upholstered Furniture Upholstered furniture is another name for chairs, sofas, and other pieces of padded furniture The fabric covering hides the inner construction details –Choosing good-quality upholstered furniture can be difficult because the inner details cannot be seen

84. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Upholstery Fabrics Good-quality furniture has durable, well- tailored upholstery fabric Upholstery fabrics come in many attractive colors and textures continued ©Antonina Potapenko/Shutterstock.com

85. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Upholstery Fabrics When choosing upholstery fabrics, consider –woven fabrics with close weaves, because they are tighter and better quality –flame-resistant fabrics because they are safer –stain-resistant finishes because they are easier to clean –labels on fabric that give content and care information

86. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Upholstery Tailoring Evaluate the tailoring details when buying furniture, such as –seams, filling material, and inside casing of the cushion cover for quality sewing –secure and trimmed threads –fabric that is smooth, tight, and free from puckers –curved shapes and corners that are smooth

87. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Frames, Springs, and Cushions Upholstered furniture frames are made of wood or metal –The joints should be secure, utilizing screws and corner blocks Springs are a part of the inner construction –The number of springs help determine the quality continued

88. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Frames, Springs, and Cushions Coil springs have a spiral shape without padding and covering –They support and enhance durability in heavier furniture Flat springs are flat, S-shaped springs that may have metal support strips banded across them –They are used in lightweight furniture continued

89. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Frames, Springs, and Cushions Cushions should fit snugly into the furniture to give proper body support Cushion materials should be durable, lightweight, and resilient –Some cushions contain biodegradable soy-based materials continued ©bonsay/Shutterstock.com

90. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Frames, Springs, and Cushions Cushions come in many shapes, sizes, and degrees of firmness Comfort is an important consideration when choosing upholstered furniture –Sit on a sofa or chair as you would at home –Check the height and depth of the seat –Check the height of the back and arms –Be sure it fits your body’s proportions

91. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Beds Choosing the best bed you can afford is important A bed includes a mattress, frame, and springs The only way to determine a bed’s comfort is to lie on it Check for support and durability in samples –Illustrations or miniature mattresses and box springs are available for inspection

92. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Mattresses An innerspring mattress contains a series of springs covered in padding The springs vary in number, size, placement, wire thickness (gauge), and whether they are individually pocketed continued ©Evskaya Daria Igorevna/Shutterstock.com

93. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Mattresses Good-quality innerspring mattresses feature –at least 300 firmly-anchored, heavy coils –good padding and insulation placed over and between coils –a tightly woven cover with a border that does not sag continued

94. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Mattresses Foam mattresses are made of latex or polyurethane foam, and –are lightweight, less durable, and less costly than innerspring mattresses People with allergies often prefer a foam mattresses continued ©John Kasawa/Shutterstock.com

95. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Mattresses A memory foam mattress molds to the body during sleep, but returns to its original shape once a person gets up –NASA originally developed this foam for use by astronauts in space continued ©bygermina/Shutterstock.com

96. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Mattresses A waterbed has a mattress consisting of a plastic bag or tubes filled with water, and conforms to the body, giving firm support –Hard-sided water beds have a heavy-duty plastic water bag contained by a wood frame –Soft-sided waterbeds have a firm foam frame that surrounds the water-filled mattress that sits on a platform

97. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Springs Bedsprings have three basic forms: box, coil, and flat Box springs have a series of coils that are attached to a base and covered with padding The coils in the mattress should line up with the coils in the springs when buying a matched set

98. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Frames A metal frame is the most common type of bed frame Electric bed frames allow the frame to be adjusted up and down Some bed frames have a dual purpose –A futon or sofa bed can be used for seating or sleeping –With a sofa bed, pulling out a concealed mattress converts a sofa into a bed

99. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Consumer Protection The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) monitors advertising for truthfulness The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) oversees product safety Federal laws also provide consumer protection –The Textile Fiber Products Identification Act prohibits the sale of highly flammable fabrics for apparel and home furnishings

100. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Furniture styles are ever-changing Many styles link to a country or historical period –Traditional designs have enduring qualities that make them popular yet today –Modern and Traditional styles are in opposition Current furniture styles include –Contemporary and Traditional –Casual, Country, and Eclectic Recap continued

101. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Understanding furniture construction and materials makes it easier to evaluate furniture and recognize quality Special joints hold together furniture consisting of wood and wood veneers Plastic, metal, rattan, wicker, and glass are other materials used in furniture Knowledge of upholstery fabrics and construction details helps in making choices Recap continued

102. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com There are many types of mattresses available, including –innerspring –foam –memory foam –water bed─plastic bag or tubes filled with water –air Recap continued

103. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Image shutterstock.com Most conventional beds have springs to support the mattress, either box, coil, or flat Many types of bed frames exist and vary in expense –Some bed frames serve a dual purpose for seating and sleeping Government agencies and federal laws about consumer goods and textiles protect the consumer’s furniture investment Recap