3. Московское царство Древняя Русь Союз Советских Социалистических республик Постсоветская Русь Русские земли в составе Золотой Орды Советская Россия Российская империя как абсолютная монархия Российская империя на пути к капитализму и конституционной монархии

4. Московское царство -1480-1700 гг. Древняя Русь -862-1237 гг. Союз Советских Социалистических республик - 1921-1991 гг. Постсоветская Русь -1991 г.- до настоящего времени Русские земли в составе Золотой Орды -1243- 1480 гг. Советская Россия -1917-1921 гг. Российская империя как абсолютная монархия- 1700-1860 гг. Российская империя на пути к капитализму и конституционной монархии -1861-1917 гг.

6. AN OUTLINE OF RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHY Russia is the largest country in the world. There is hardly a country with such variety of landscape and climate. Russia is full of contrasts. Plains, highlands and forests, tundra and taiga can be found in different parts of our country. But everywhere the landscape has its own beauty. The vast territory of Russia lies in the Eastern part of Europe and in the Northern part of Asia. In area, it is one of the largest countries in the world.

7. Russian is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. The oceans are: the Atlantic, the Arctic, the Pacific. The land of Russia varies a lot from high peaked mountains to deep valleys. Russia is located on two plains. They are: the Great Russian Plain and the west Siberian Plain. The Urals, the longest mountain chain, separates Europe from Asia. There are various types of climate on the territory of Russia.

8. North South East Central Russia Murmansk is the northern – most point you can get and the trip is practical only in spring or summer because of the polar night. Lake Onega and the Island of Kizni with the midnight sun and a lot of wild flowers show you the gentler side of the Russian north. For most Russians the south is the Caucasus, where they go for holidays by the Black Sea during the hot summer and the “velvet” autumn. In the Caucasus with its snow – capped mountains and subtropical coasts live about fifty nationalities. For Russians people, the ‘Far East’ is the broad coast along the Pacific Ocean, facing Alaska in the far north and Japan in the subtropical south, and including the largest island of Sakhalin. Inland lie forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and marshes known as Siberia. The Ural mountains are the natural divide between Europe and Asia. A forested plain watered by the Volga, Don and a dozen smaller rivers, this is really the heartland of Russia and you can get a good notion of it by visiting such cities as Novgorod, Smolensk, Yugoslav, Suzdal, and Kursk. With their kremlins and cathedrals still remind you of a more rural but not always peaceful past.

9. Rivers and lakes Russia is a land of long rivers and deep lakes. The broad Volga River system is of great historic, economic and cultural importance to Russia. The Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.

10. Peoples, languages and holidays There are 100 nationalities living in Russia. Thus there are a great number of different dialects, accents and languages. About 82% of population speak Russian fluently. Many people of different nationalities speak their own languages in addition to Russian. The most wide spread languages are of Iberian – Caucasian group and the least spread is of Neghidals who speak a language of Tungus group. There are also languages of Turic, Indo – European, Mongol, Tungusic – Manchu and Palaeosiberian groups. Many peoples live in Russia and they all have dialects and accents which are often hard to understand. Peoples, languages

11. National symbols –Russia has an eagle as its symbol. It was introduced in 1993. The national flag of Russia is made up of white, blue and red lines one above the other. The white stripe symbolizes nobleness and revelation, the blue one – loyalty and honesty, the red stripe symbolizes courage, generosity and love. Besides, there are other national symbols, such as Georgy Pobedonosets, troika, samovar, valenki… – Different regions of Russia have their own emblems, too. For example, my region uses a deer as its symbol.

12. Moscow is the capital of Russia. It was first mentioned in the records dated back to the year 1147. Nowadays Moscow is the largest city of Russia. It is a political, administrative, economic, educational and culture centre of Russia.

13. There are many places of interest in Moscow. The city is famous for its historical monuments, museums, art galleries and theatres. The Historical Museums the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, the Tretyakov State Picture Gallery are world famous. Moscow is proud of the Bolshoi, Mali and art theatres. Moscow is an industrial centre with highly developed engineering, electric, light and chemical industries. Moscow is a scientific centre too. The Russian Academy of sciences, the oldest university, many schools of higher learning, colleges and scientific institutions are located here.