1. Research Ethics The American Psychological Association Guidelines Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Fraud in Science Plagiarism Ethical Reports

2. What are research ethics? Research Ethics Research ethics are a framework of values within which we conduct research. Ethics help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad, and explain the principles by which we make responsible decisions in actual situations. Must consider the welfare and safety of both animals and humans who we do research with. Certain types of research could never be done, even though it would provide exceptional knowledge on a topic area.

3. What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? Research Ethics Institutional review boards (IRBs), which are composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to make sure that they follow ethical standards. Universities and hospitals should always have IRBs, but not all institutions do. Primary job of the IRB is to ensure that research participants are protected.

4. What is its purpose? Research Ethics IRBs protect the safety of research participants. Their first task is to decide whether a proposed study increases participants’ risk of injury since psychological research can cause physical and/or psychological discomfort.

5. What is its purpose? Research Ethics As researchers, we must accurately estimate the degree of risk in our research. We typically do this by reading the literature and consulting with colleagues. IRBs will also help researchers estimate the degree of risk involved in their studies.

6. What do "at risk" or at "minimal risk” mean? Research Ethics Studies that place subjects at risk increase the chance of harm compared with not participating in the study. Minimal risk studies do not increase the likelihood of injury.

7. When should an IRB approve an "at risk" study? Research Ethics IRBs should approve an “at risk” study when a risk/benefit analysis determines that risks to participants are outweighed by gains in knowledge.

8. What is informed consent? The APA Guidelines Another task for the IRB is to safeguard the subject’s rights by making sure each subject is provided with an informed consent. A subject or guardian agrees in writing to the subject’s participation after relevant details of the experiment have been explained. This description may include risks and benefits, but does not extend to deception or the hypothesis.

9. What is informed consent? The APA Guidelines Perhaps the most important principle built into ethics codes is the right of a participant to refuse to be in the study or discontinue participation. Ethical researchers, therefore, cannot coerce participants to agree to be in the study or prevent participants from discontinuing the study.

10. Consent Form Subject must be fully informed about the study, including how long it will take, and able to ask questions Subjects must give consent freely, without coercion. Subjects must be informed that they can drop out of research at any time. Researcher must make potential risks and benefits clear to subjects. Researcher must provide assurance that all information collected will remain private and confidential. Subjects must not be asked to waive their legal rights in the case of injury

11. Consent Consent must be in writing that is clear and understandable to the subjects and subjects should receive a copy of it. If subject is a minor, then parent or legal guardian must give consent and minors must still be given as much detail about the study as possible, for their age. Minors age 7 and above must give assent, or agree to participate. Assent must also be obtained for those who are cognitively impaired. However, the hypothesis should not be revealed.

12. Which three principles did the Belmont Report (1979) emphasize? Research Ethics The need for ethical principles began being discussed after World War II crimes become evident to the rest of the population. The Nuremberg Code of 1947 formed the basis of today’s ethical standards, but has since been expanded. The Belmont Report (1978) was created partly because of the Tuskegee syphilis trials and proposed three principles: 1. Respect for persons: individuals have the right of self-determination (basis of informed consent).

13. Respect for Persons Every human being has the right to make his/her own decisions about research Provisions must be made for vulnerable populations.

14. Which three principles did the Belmont Report (1979) emphasize? Research Ethics 2. Beneficence: minimize harm and maximize potential benefits (basis of risk/benefit analysis).Are society’s benefits worth more than the subjects’ risk? http://www.prisonexp.org/.

15. Belmont Report 3. Justice: fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research –Previous to Belmont report, most research was conducted on people in hospital wards while the benefits went to the wealthy. This is an injustice. Cannot select people just because they are disadvantaged or easily manipulated. –http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm

16. Who is targeted by APA ethical guidelines? The APA Guidelines APA published it’s own set of guidelines for research in 1971. APA ethical guidelines apply to psychologists and students when they assume the role of psychologists during research or practice. Participants may be considered to be a minimal risk, that is, “risk that is no greater in probability and severity than that ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.”

17. Observations of public behavior, anonymous questionnaires and archival research usually fall into the minimal risk category. Informed consent is not always mandated in minimal risks studies (i.e. observing public behavior), but is usually obtained when possible (anonymous questionnaires).

18. Privacy laws HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability) passed in 2003 prevent medical records from being used for research without written consent from participants.

19. Explain APA guidelines on deception. The APA Guidelines Deception may be used when it is the best way to obtain information. In 1969 deception was used in 66% of research, in 1978 it fell to 47%, in 1986 is was 32% and in 1992 it increased to 47% Deception may not be used to minimize the participants’ perception of risk or exaggerate their perception of potential benefits.

20. Which steps must researchers take if deception is used? The APA Guidelines Subjects must be allowed to withdraw from the experiment at any time and should never face coercion to remain. The experimenter should provide debriefing (full disclosure) after either their personal participation or the completion of the entire study. Full disclosure means explaining the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject at the end of their participation or at the completion of the entire experiment.

21. What does debriefing involve and when is it required? The APA Guidelines Debriefing involves explaining the true nature and purpose of the experiment. Debriefing is an essential component of good experimental research. We must offer our participants a full explanation of our study any time that we use deception. Are all effects of deception removed once a subject is debriefed? http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/jhamlin/3925/R eadings/FilmedViolence.html http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/jhamlin/3925/R eadings/FilmedViolence.html

22. What is a confederate? Why is the use of a confederate deceptive? The APA Guidelines A confederate is an experimenter’s accomplice. Use of a confederate is deceptive because subjects are led to believe that the confederate is another subject, experimenter, or bystander, when he or she is actually part of the experimental manipulation.

23. Explain the difference between anonymity and confidentiality. The APA Guidelines Anonymity means that subjects are not identified by name. Confidentiality means that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the subject.

24. How do researchers achieve these goals? The APA Guidelines Researchers achieve anonymity by collecting data without names and assigning code numbers. They achieve confidentiality by storing data in a locked safe and only using the data for the purposes explained to the participants.

25. How do psychologists protect the welfare of animal subjects? Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Animal welfare is the humane care and treatment of animals. The care and treatment of animals in research is regulated by the Animal Welfare Act of 1966, which deals with general standards for animal care. Congress amended the act in 1991 to include new regulations that address the psychological well-being of higher animals. Must provide enrichment to nonhuman primates and other animals that live in social groups. Institutions that conduct animal research must establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to evaluate animal research before it is conducted.

26. How do psychologists protect the welfare of animal subjects? Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects The IACUC must determine that the researchers have explored all alternatives and have documented that there are no other feasible alternatives. In his book, Animal Liberation, Peter Singer chronicled numerous cases of animal abuse. One famous example is Brady’s monkeys. http://pirate.shu.edu/~hovancjo/exp/brady58.htm

27. What does animal rights mean? Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Animal rights is the position that sensate species (those that can feel pain and suffer) have equal value and rights to humans. Animal rights became a hot issue in 1984 when the heart of a healthy baboon was transplanted into a dying newborn baby. http://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/16/us/baby-fae- who-received-a-heart-from-baboon-dies-after- 20-days.html http://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/16/us/baby-fae- who-received-a-heart-from-baboon-dies-after- 20-days.html

28. Animal rights-2 sides? http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used- for-experimentation/the-silver-spring- monkeys.aspxhttp://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used- for-experimentation/the-silver-spring- monkeys.aspx http://www.discovery.org/a/1798

29. What is scientific fraud? What motivates fraud? Fraud in Science Scientific fraud involves falsifying or fabricating data. For example, the work of Sir Cyril Burt on intelligence and genes. A researcher’s graduation, tenure, promotion, funding, or reputation may motivate researchers to commit fraud. http://www.intelltheory.com/burt.shtml

30. What are the main lines of defense against fraud? Fraud in Science The peer review process filters submitted manuscripts so that only 15-20% of articles are printed. Replication, where researchers attempt to reproduce the findings of others, is the second line of defense.

31. What is plagiarism? Why is it wrong? Plagiarism Plagiarism is misrepresenting someone’s “ideas, words, or written work” as your own. Plagiarism is a form of fraud, in which an individual claims false credit for another’s ideas, words, or written work.

32. Which ethical issues may be involved in research reports? Ethical Reports Authorship credit should only be given to those who made a major contribution to the research or writing. Researchers should not take credit for the same research more than once.

33. Which ethical issues may be involved in research reports? Ethical Reports The ethical solution is to cite original publications when republishing data in a journal article or republishing journal articles in an edited volume.

34. APA Code of Ethics http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles. pdfhttp://www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles. pdf