1. Fungi

2. Learning Objectives Define the terms: saprophytic & parasitic State the structure & life cycle of Rhizopus Explain nutrition in fungi. Outline the structure & reproduction of Yeast Name 2 Beneficial & 2 Harmful fungi Mention that there are Edible and Poisonous fungi Identify and state functions for the following structures: rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore.

4. Features of Fungi They do not make their own food They are mostly multi- cellular They are made up of threads called hyphae Hyphae combine in masses to form a mycelium Their walls are made of a carbohydrate called chitin

5. Nutrition All fungi are heterotrophs i.e. they take in food made by other organisms Fungi are either: Parasitic Saprophytic

6. Most fungi are saprophytic obtain nutrients from dead material As they digest it minerals are released and recycled Play a vital role in the environment as they are responsible for decay E.g. mushrooms and moulds Saprophytic fungi

7. Parasitic Fungi Absorb their food from live hosts They get their food mostly from plants although some fungal parasites live on animals e.g. athlete’s foot

8. Parasitic Fungi Obligate parasites – live on live hosts but do not normally kill them Facultative parasites –kill the host and feed on the remains

9. Some fungi e.g. form symbiotic relationships with other organisms A lichen is an organism which is a combination of a fungus and an alga

10. Edible and poisonous fungi Some fungi are edible, but many are poisonous if eaten It is often difficult to distinguish between the edible and poisonous varieties growing in the wild

11. Rhizopus

12. Rhizopus growing on agar

13. Structure of Rhizopus

14. Hypha Consists of threadlike structures called Hyphae

15. They are tubular with no cross walls and are multinucleate. Each nucleus is haploid. Nucleus

16. Large numbers of hyphae are called a mycelium The hyphae digest the substrate on which they grows Rhizoids provide extra surface area for absorption of the digested material Stolons are arial hyphae which allow Rhizopus to spread sideways

17. Structure of Rhizopus

18. Sporangiophore Apophysis Columella Sporangium Spores

19. Life cycle of Rhizopus

20. Asexual reproduction Sporangiophores grow up from the substrate after a number of days Cells within the sporangium divide by mitosis to produce spores (haploid)

21. Asexual reproduction Cells within the sporangium divide by mitosis to produce spores (haploid)

22. Asexual reproduction The sporangium dries out in the right conditions and opens releasing many spores. Each spore will grow into a new hypha and mycelium if it lands on a suitable substrate

24. Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus can only occur between a plus and a minus strain. + Strain- Strain

25. Sexual reproduction When hyphae from opposite strains grow close together swellings grow on both strains and touch each other. + Strain- Strain

26. Sexual reproduction Nuclei from both hyphae move into these swellings which are now called progametangia. + Strain- Strain

27. Sexual reproduction Cross-walls form to produce gametangia. + Strain- Strain

28. Sexual reproduction The walls of the gametangia dissolve and a number of fertilisations take place producing diploid zygote nuclei. + Strain- Strain

29. Sexual reproduction A zygospore forms around these nuclei. When conditions are suitable the zygospore germinates by meiosis. + Strain- Strain

30. Sexual reproduction A zygospore forms around these nuclei. When conditions are suitable the zygospore germinates by meiosis. + Strain- Strain

31. Sexual reproduction A hypha grows out of the zygospore and produces a sporangium at the tip. The sporangium opens releasing many haploid spores which grow into new individuals.

33. Review of sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus can only occur between a plus and a minus strain When hyphae from opposite strains grow close together swellings grow on both strains and touch each other Nuclei from both hyphae move into these swellings which are now called progametangia Cross-walls form to produce gametangia

34. The walls of the gametangia dissolve and a number of fertilisations take place producing diploid zygote nuclei A zygospore forms around these nuclei When conditions are suitable the zygospore germinates by meiosis A hypha grows out of the zygospore and produces a sporangium at the tip The sporangium opens releasing many haploid spores which grow into new individuals Review of sexual reproduction

35. Yeast

36. Structure of yeast

37. Reproduction in Yeast

38. Asexual reproduction in yeast Asexual reproduction in yeast occurs by budding. The nucleus of the parent cell divides by mitosis. One of the daughter nuclei enters a small developing bud on the outside of the yeast cell.

39. Asexual reproduction in yeast This bud can separate from the parent to become a new individual

40. In some cases the bud does not separate, but can itself bud. In this way long colonies of yeast cells can develop Asexual reproduction in yeast

41. Budding

43. Economic importance of fungi Beneficial fungi Yeasts can be used to make bread and alcohols such as wine and beer Fungi can be used as a source of food e.g. mushroom

44. Harmful fungi Fungi can attack crops e.g. corn and wheat and cause major financial losses as a result Fungi such as athletes foot and ringworm can infect animals Fungi can spoil food e.g. rhizopus grows on bread Economic importance of fungi

45. Depth of treatment Saprophytic and parasitic forms Rhizopus (Structure and life cycle) Nutrition Yeast: structure and reproduction (budding).

46. Mention of edible and poisonous fungi. Economic importance of fungi: examples of any two beneficial and any two harmful fungi. Practical Activities Investigate the growth of leaf yeasts using agar plates and controls Contemporary issues and Technology