1. Chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Middle Adulthood  Ages 40 to 65  Contemporary view: midpoint, not end of life  Continuation of early adulthood changes:  time orientation  physical  cognitive © wong sze yuen/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. Vision Changes in Middle Adulthood  Presbyopia: “old eyes”:  inability to adjust focus to varying distances  Pupil shrinks, lens yellows, vitreous changes:  poor vision in dim light  decline in color discrimination  Glaucoma risk © Wilson Araujo/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Hearing Changes in Middle Adulthood Presbycusis: “old hearing”:  initially, decline in sensitivity to high frequencies  gender, cultural differences: men show earlier, more rapid decline  hearing aids, modifications to listening environment, communication can help © Kzenon/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. Skin Changes in Middle Adulthood  Wrinkles  forehead: starting in thirties  crow’s feet: forties  Sagging:  face, arms, legs  Age spots:  after age 50  Faster with sun exposure, and for women © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Muscle–Fat Makeup in Middle Adulthood  Middle-age spread common: fat gain in torso:  men: upper abdomen, back  women: waist, upper arms  Very gradual muscle declines  Can be avoided:  low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains  exercise, especially resistance training Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Anti-Aging Effects of Calorie Restriction  Restricted diet benefits diverse nonprimate species:  longer life  reduced incidence of disease  In primates and humans, more years of healthy life, not longer life  Calorie-restriction mimetics may yield same health benefits as calorie restriction © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Skeletal Changes in Middle Adulthood  Bones broaden but become more porous:  loss in bone density  women at greater risk  Loss in bone strength:  disks collapse, height shrinks  bones fracture more easily, heal more slowly  Healthy lifestyle can slow bone loss Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Climacteric and Menopause  Gradual end of fertility:  menopause follows 10-year climacteric  age range: late thirties to late fifties  earlier in non-childbearing women, smokers  Drop in estrogen:  monthly cycles shorten, eventually stop  can cause difficulties:  complaints about sexual functioning  decreased skin elasticity, loss of bone mass Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. Menopausal Symptoms Linked to menopause hot flashes/night sweats sexual difficulties Not linked to menopause, other causes should be investigated irritability sleep difficulties depression Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Menopause Symptoms Around the World Figure 15.1 (Adapted from Obermeyer, 2000; Shea, 2006.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Hormone Therapy for Menopause Benefits reduces hot flashes, vaginal dryness some protection against bone loss Risks heart attack, stroke, blood clots cancer gallbladder disease Alzheimer’s and other dementias Alternatives gabapentin, antidepressants, black cohosh for hot flashes medications to prevent bone loss Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13. Reactions to Menopause  Individual differences:  importance of childbearing capacity, physical attractiveness  baby boomers more accepting than previous generations  Cultural differences:  medical approach in Western industrialized nations linked to complaints  ethnic differences in the United States  SES, physical and psychological health linked to reactions Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Reproductive Changes in Men  Decrease in  sperm volume, motility starting in twenties  semen after age 40  Gradual decline in testosterone:  sexual activity stimulates production  Erection difficulties:  frequent problems may be linked to anxiety, disease, injury, loss of sexual interest  Viagra and other drugs offer temporary relief Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Health in Middle Age  85% rate as excellent or good, a decline from early adulthood  More chronic diseases than in early adulthood  Research on women increasing © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Sexuality in Middle Adulthood  Slight drop in frequency among married couples:  stability of sexual activity is typical  best predictor is marital happiness  Intensity of response declines:  slower arousal due to climacteric  Sex still important, enjoyable to most  Gender difference in partner availability Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. Leading Causes of Death in Midlife, United States Figure 15.2 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Cancer in Middle Adulthood  One-third of U.S. midlife deaths:  more men than women  higher in low SES  Results from mutations: germline or somatic  oncogenes  tumor suppressor genes  stability genes  Often curable; survival brings emotional challenges © GWImages/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. Most Common Types of Cancer Figure 15.3 (From R. Siegel, D. Naishadham, & A. Jemal, 2012, “Cancer Statistics, 2012,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 62, p. 13. Copyright © 2012 American Cancer Society, Inc. Reproduced with permission of Wiley Inc.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. Reducing Cancer Risks  Know 7 warning signs  Get regular checkups and screenings  Avoid  tobacco  excessive sun exposure  unnecessary X-rays  industrial chemicals, pollutants  Healthy diet  Physical activity  Weigh risks of hormone therapy Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Cardiovascular Disease  Responsible for 25% of middle-aged deaths  “Silent killers”:  high blood pressure, cholesterol  atherosclerosis  Symptoms:  heart attack (blockage)  arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)  angina pectoris (chest pain) © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. Reducing Heart Attack Risk  Quit smoking  Reduce cholesterol  Treat high blood pressure  Maintain ideal weight  Exercise regularly  Occasional wine or beer  Take low-dose aspirin  Reduce hostility and stress © michaeljung/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. Osteoporosis  Severe bone loss, fragile bones  Causes:  normal aging:  with age, bones more porous, lose bone mass  menopause estrogen drop speeds loss  heredity, body build  lifestyle—diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use  Women develop osteoporosis earlier; men often overlooked Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. Preventing and Treating Osteoporosis  Diet:  vitamin D  calcium  Weight-bearing exercise  Strength training  Bone-strengthening medications  Early prevention © Maridav/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25. Hostility and Health  Type A behavior pattern:  angry, impatient, competitive  prone to heart disease  increased risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, stroke  Expressed hostility:  angry outbursts, rudeness, criticism, contempt  predicts various cardiovascular problems Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26. Managing Stress  Reevaluate the situation  Focus on events you can control  View life as fluid  Consider alternatives  Set reasonable goals  Exercise regularly  Use relaxation techniques  Constructively reduce anger  Seek social support © littleny/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27. Coping Styles Problem-Centered Coping  Identify and appraise problems  Choose and implement potential solutions Emotion-Centered Coping  Internal, private  Control distress when the situation can’t be changed Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28. Exercise in Midlife  Physical and psychological benefits:  stress management  reduces disease risk  Barriers to beginning in middle age: time, energy, health, convenience, lack of facilities  Self-efficacy promotes exercise and is augmented by it  Activities that fit personal characteristics  Interventions to reach low-SES adults Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

29. Hardiness Control  Regard most experiences as controllable Commitment  Find interest and meaning in daily activities Challenge  View as normal part of life, chance for growth © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

30. Double Standard of Aging  Aging men rated more positively, women more negatively  Evolutionary roots; also media, social messages  Appears to be declining, with n ew, positive view of middle age © michaeljung/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

31. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Trends in Verbal Abilities Figure 15.4 (From K. W. Schaie, 1988, “Variability in Cognitive Functioning in the Elderly,” in M. A. Bender, R. C. Leonard, & A. D. Woodhead [Eds.], Phenotypic Variation in Populations, p. 201. Adapted with kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media B. V. and K. W. Schaie.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

32. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence Fluid  Depends on basic information- processing skills:  detecting relationships among stimuli  speed of analyzing information  working memory Crystallized  Skills that depend on  accumulated knowledge  experience  good judgment  mastery of social conventions  Valued by person’s culture Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33. Longitudinal Trends in Mental Abilities Figure 15.5 (From K. W. Schaie, 1994, “The Course of Adult Intellectual Development,” American Psychologist, 49, p. 308. Copyright © 1994 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission of American Psychological Association.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

34. Factors Predicting High Mental Ability Scores Personal  Flexible personality  Healthy  Cohort: baby boomers  Perceptual speed Lifestyle  High education  Complex job or leisure  Lasting marriage  High SES Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

35. Age-Related Slowing of Information Processing Neural Network View  Neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections  Brain forms new but less efficient connections Information-Loss View  Information lost at each step through cognitive system  Whole system slows down to inspect, interpret information Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

36. Age-Related Changes in Correlations of Processing Speed with Intelligence Figure 15.6 (From S.­-C. Li et al., 2004, “Transformations in the Couplings Among Intellectual Abilities and Constituent Cognitive Processes Across the Life Span,” Psychological Science, 15, p. 160. Copyright © 2004, Sage Publications. Reprinted by Permission of SAGE Publications.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

37. Attention in Middle Adulthood  More difficulties in  multitasking  focusing on relevant information  switching attention  combining visual information into meaningful patterns  inhibition  May be due to decline in processing speed  Experience, practice, training help adults compensate Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

38. Memory in Middle Adulthood  Working memory declines from twenties to sixties:  reduced use of memory strategies  slower processing, attention difficulties  Adults can compensate:  self-paced tasks  training in strategies  Few changes in  factual knowledge  procedural knowledge  metacognitive knowledge © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

39. Practical Problem Solving and Expertise  Practical problem solving:  evaluate real-world situations  analyze how best to achieve goals that have high uncertainty  aided by expertise  Expertise:  extensive, highly organized knowledge base  provides efficient, effective approaches to solving problems  result of years of experience Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

40. Changes in Creativity  More deliberate, thoughtful  Less spontaneous, intensely emotional  Sum up or integrate ideas  Less focus on new ideas  Goals more altruistic © auremar/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

41. Vocational Life and Cognitive Development Job choice  is affected by cognitive and personality characteristics  affects cognition: complex work enhances cognitive flexibility:  linked to SES  designing jobs to promote intellectual challenge © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

42. Becoming a Student in Midlife  39% of U.S. college students are over age 25; 60% of them are women  Reasons are diverse:  job changes, seeking better income  life transitions  personal achievement, self-enrichment  Concerns:  academic abilities: aging and gender stereotypes  role overload Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

43. Sources of Support for Midlife College Students  Partner and children  Extended family  Friends  Educational institution  Workplace © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

44. Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.