1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Middle Adulthood Ages 40 to 65 Contemporary view: midpoint, not end of life Continuation of early adulthood changes time orientation physical cognitive Senior Lifestyles

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vision Changes in Middle Adulthood Presbyopia problems reading small print bifocals if nearsighted Difficulties in dim light Reduced color discrimination Glaucoma risk ©Christian Delbert/Dreamstime.com

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hearing Changes in Middle Adulthood Presbycusis: “old hearing” earliest, most loss in high frequencies earliest, most loss in high frequencies gender, cultural differences gender, cultural differences men have earlier, more rapid loss men have earlier, more rapid loss hearing aids can help hearing aids can help Presbycusis: “old hearing” earliest, most loss in high frequencies earliest, most loss in high frequencies gender, cultural differences gender, cultural differences men have earlier, more rapid loss men have earlier, more rapid loss hearing aids can help hearing aids can help

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Skin Changes in Middle Adulthood Wrinkles forehead – starting in thirties forehead – starting in thirties crow’s feet – forties crow’s feet – fortiesSagging face, arms, legs face, arms, legs Age spots after age 50 after age 50 Faster with sun exposure, for women Absolute Family

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Muscle–Fat Makeup in Middle Adulthood Middle-age spread common; fat gain in torso men: upper abdomen, back women: waist, upper arms Very gradual muscle declines Can be avoided low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains exercise, especially resistance training

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Skeletal Changes in Middle Adulthood Bones broaden, but become more porous loss in bone density loss in bone density women most at risk women most at risk Loss in bone strength disks collapse, height shrinks disks collapse, height shrinks bones fracture more easily, heal more slowly bones fracture more easily, heal more slowly Healthy lifestyle helps

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Should You Cut Calories? Restricted diet helps diverse animals. longer life less disease Natural human experiments show benefits. Okinawa Biosphere Hard for many people to do calorie-restriction mimetics may work

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Climacteric and Menopause Gradual end of fertility menopause follows 10-year climacteric menopause follows 10-year climacteric age range extends from late thirties to late fifties age range extends from late thirties to late fifties earliest in non-childbearing women, smokers earliest in non-childbearing women, smokers Drop in estrogen shorter monthly cycles, eventually stop shorter monthly cycles, eventually stop can cause problems can cause problems sexual functioning sexual functioning cholesterol cholesterol Meetings and Presentations

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Menopausal Symptoms Research shows menopause link hot flashes/night sweats hot flashes/night sweats sexual problems sexual problems Not linked to menopause, other causes should be investigated irritability irritability sleep difficulties sleep difficulties depression depression

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Menopause Symptoms Around the World Figure 15.1

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hormone Therapy for Menopause Benefits reduces hot flashes, vaginal dryness reduces hot flashes, vaginal dryness may help mood may help mood bone benefits bone benefits Risks heart attack, stroke, blood clots heart attack, stroke, blood clots cancer cancer cognitive declines, Alzheimer’s cognitive declines, Alzheimer’s Alternatives gabapentin for hot flashes gabapentin for hot flashes antidepressants antidepressants black cohosh black cohosh

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reactions to Menopause Individual differences importance of childbearing capacity other interests Cultural differences medicalization in Western industrialized nations linked to complaints ethnic differences in the United States social status of aging women linked to reactions ©Monkey Business Images/Dreamstime.com

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Male Reproductive Changes in Middle Adulthood Reduced sperm and semen after age 40 Gradual testosterone reduction sexual activity stimulates production sexual activity stimulates production Erection problems frequent problems may be linked to anxiety, diseases, injury, loss of interest frequent problems may be linked to anxiety, diseases, injury, loss of interest Viagra and other drugs Viagra and other drugs

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Health in Middle Age More than 80% rate as good or excellent decline from early adulthood decline from early adulthood More chronic diseases than in early adulthood Need more research on women, ethnic minorities Senior Lifestyles

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sexuality in Middle Adulthood Slight drop in frequency among married couples continue patterns from early adulthood continue patterns from early adulthood more sex in good marriages more sex in good marriages Intensity of response declines slower arousal due to climacteric slower arousal due to climacteric partner may seem less attractive partner may seem less attractive Sex still important, enjoyable to most Gender differences in partner availability Slight drop in frequency among married couples continue patterns from early adulthood continue patterns from early adulthood more sex in good marriages more sex in good marriages Intensity of response declines slower arousal due to climacteric slower arousal due to climacteric partner may seem less attractive partner may seem less attractive Sex still important, enjoyable to most Gender differences in partner availability

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Leading Causes of Death in Middle Adulthood Figure 15.2

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cancer in Middle Adulthood One-third of U.S. midlife deaths more in lower-SES groups more in lower-SES groups Results from mutations oncogenes oncogenes tumor suppressor genes tumor suppressor genes stability genes stability genes can be germline (genetic) or somatic can be germline (genetic) or somatic Often curable treatment and survival emotionally challenging treatment and survival emotionally challenging

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Most Common Types of Cancer Figure 15.3

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reducing Cancer Risks Know 7 warning signs. Know 7 warning signs. Do self-exams. Do self-exams. Get regular checkups and screenings. Get regular checkups and screenings. Weigh risks of hormone therapy. Weigh risks of hormone therapy. Follow a healthy diet. Follow a healthy diet. Be physically active. Be physically active. Avoid: tobacco too much sun unnecessary x-rays industrial chemicals, pollutants excessive weight gain

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cardiovascular Disease Responsible for 25% of middle-aged deaths Symptoms heart attack (blockage) heart attack (blockage) arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) angina pectoris (chest pain) angina pectoris (chest pain) Risk conditions high blood cholesterol high blood cholesterol atherosclerosis atherosclerosis high blood pressure high blood pressure

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reducing Heart Attack Risk Quit smoking. Reduce cholesterol. Treat high blood pressure. Maintain ideal weight. Exercise regularly. Occasional wine or beer Take low-dose aspirin. Reduce hostility and stress. Meetings and Presentations

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Osteoporosis Severe bone loss, fragile bones bone breaks can be life-threatening bone breaks can be life-threateningCauses normal aging normal aging with age, bones more porous, lose bone mass with age, bones more porous, lose bone mass menopause estrogen drop speeds loss menopause estrogen drop speeds loss heredity, size heredity, size lifestyle lifestyle Women develop earlier; men often overlooked

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preventing and Treating Osteoporosis Diet vitamin D calcium Avoid smoking Weight-bearing exercise Strength training Bone-strengthening medications ©Steven Pepple/Dreamstime.com

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hostility and Health Expressed hostility frequent angry outbursts frequent angry outbursts rudeness, contempt rudeness, contempt disagreeable verbal and nonverbal behavior disagreeable verbal and nonverbal behavior Health effects cardiovascular problems cardiovascular problems health complaints, illnesses health complaints, illnesses depression, dissatisfaction with life depression, dissatisfaction with life unhealthy behaviors unhealthy behaviors

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Managing Stress Reevaluate the situation. Reevaluate the situation. Focus on events you can control. Focus on events you can control. Consider alternatives. Consider alternatives. Set reasonable goals. Set reasonable goals. Exercise regularly. Exercise regularly. Use relaxation techniques. Use relaxation techniques. Constructively reduce anger. Constructively reduce anger. Seek social support. Seek social support. Meetings and Presentations

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Problem-Centered versus Emotion-Centered Coping Problem-CenteredCoping Identify and appraise problems. Choose and implement potential solutions. Emotion-CenteredCoping Internal, private Control distress when the situation can’t be changed.

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Midlife Exercise Physical and psychological benefits stress management reduces disease risk Barriers to beginning in middle age time, energy, health, convenience, lack of facilitiesSelf-efficacy helps exercise and is improved by it Activities that match personality, lifestyle Interventions to reach low-SES adults Senior Lifestyles

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hardiness Control regard most experiences as controllable regard most experiences as controllableCommitment find interest and meaning in daily activities find interest and meaning in daily activitiesChallenge view as normal part of life, chance for growth view as normal part of life, chance for growth Senior Lifestyles

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Double Standard of Aging Aging men rated more positively; women more negatively Evolutionary roots; media, social messages Appears to be declining new positive models replacing old ideas new positive models replacing old ideas

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cohort Effects in Verbal Abilities Figure 15.4

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence Fluid Depends on basic information-processing skills: detecting relationships among stimuli detecting relationships among stimuli analytical speed analytical speed working memory working memory Crystallized Skills that depend on: accumulated knowledge experience good judgment mastery of social conventions Valued by person’s culture

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Individual and Group Factors in High Intelligence Scores Lifestyle high education complex job or leisure lasting marriage high SESPersonal flexible personality flexible personality healthy healthy gender gender cohort cohort perceptual speed perceptual speed

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Longitudinal Trends in Mental Abilities Figure 15.5

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Age-Related Slowing of Information Processing Neural Network View Neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections Brain forms new connections New connections are less efficient Information-Loss View Information lost at each step through cognitive system Whole system slows down to inspect, interpret information

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Changing Correlations of Processing Speed with Intelligence Figure 15.6

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Attention in Middle Adulthood More difficulties in multitasking multitasking focusing on relevant information focusing on relevant information switching attention switching attention connecting visual information connecting visual information inhibition inhibition May be linked to slower processing Experience, practice, training help adults compensate

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Memory in Middle Adulthood Working memory decreases from twenties to sixties less use of memory strategies less use of memory strategies may be due to slower processing, attention problems may be due to slower processing, attention problems Adults can compensate self-pacing self-pacing strategy reminders strategy reminders relevant information relevant information Few changes in: factual knowledge procedural knowledge metacognitive knowledge

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Practical Problem Solving and Expertise Practical problem solving evaluate real-world situations evaluate real-world situations achieve goals that have high uncertainty achieve goals that have high uncertainty helped by expertise helped by expertiseExpertise extensive, highly organized knowledge base extensive, highly organized knowledge base provides efficient, effective approaches to solving problems provides efficient, effective approaches to solving problems organized around abstract principles organized around abstract principles result of years of experience result of years of experience

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Changes in Creativity More deliberate, thoughtful less spontaneous, intensely emotional less spontaneous, intensely emotional Sum up or integrate ideas less focus on unusual less focus on unusual new ideas Goals more altruistic Senior Lifestyles

41. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vocational Life and Cognitive Development Cognitive and personality characteristics affect job choice. Job, in turn, affects cognition. Complex work increases cognitive flexibility. link to SES also seek intellectually stimulating leisure likely to pass on to next generation Meetings and Presentations

42. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Becoming a Student in Midlife 45% of U.S. college students over age 25 60% are women 60% are women Reasons diverse job change, better income job change, better income life transition life transition personal achievement, self-enrichment personal achievement, self-enrichmentConcerns academic abilities academic abilities aging, gender stereotypes aging, gender stereotypes role overload role overload

43. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Possible Sources of Support for Midlife College Students PartnerChildren Extended family Friends Educational institution Workplace ©Monkey Business Images/Dreamstime.com