1. Primary & Secondary Sources Presentation

2. PERIOD 1: (1491-1607): On a North American Continent controlled by American Indians Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

3. PERIOD 1 1491-1607 “City Upon on a Hill” The American Pageant, Chapters 1-3 Content: Geography and environment; Native American diversity in the Americas; Spain in the Americas; conflict and exchange; English, French, and Dutch settlements; and the Atlantic economy.

4. What about the “Indians” / “Savages”?

5. How did they get to the “Americas”? The Bering Strait: The Ice Age congealed oceans into glaciers, sea level dropped, exposing land bridge between Siberia and Alaska Where did they go? Latin America = major civilizations like Aztec, Maya, Inca North America = small and scattered tribes How different were Indians and Europeans? Views about: Land, Religious, Environment Tribal customs, Trade, etc… What about the Indians?

6. Native Americans Native Americans developed different cultures and ways of life because of geographical diversity Despite being so different Native Americans did hold common beliefs:  Kinship  Respected and honored the spirit world  Land wasn’t something that could be owned

7. Native American Life Mathematicians: accurate astronomical observations Aztecs: sought favor of gods through human sacrifice (cut out the heart while still alive) Agriculture, especially corn, accounted for large civilizations  Corn transformed nomadic hunting bands into settled agricultural villagers (Pueblo = “village” in Spanish) Anasazi: Built pueblos with 600 rooms in New Mexico Three-Sister Farming: Beans grow on cornstalk trellis with squash coving the planting mounds to retain soil’s moisture Indians revered the physical world and endowed nature with spiritual properties. Encomienda: Allowed the government to give Indians to colonist as servants (basically slavery)

9. Review Questions Period 1 1.How did Native Americans get to the “Americas” and where did they go? A.Crossed the Bering Strait, Sea travel, North/South America 2.In what areas did “Indians” and Europeans differ (views of life, etc)? A.Land, Religious, Environment, Tribal customs, Trade 3.What accounted for the growth of large Native American civilizations? A.Corn (maize) 4.Name the tribe that built pueblos with 600 rooms in New Mexico? A.Anasazi 5.What farming technique grew Beans and Squash on the Cornstalk trellis? A.Three-Sisters Farming 6.What was the Encomienda system? A.Allowed the government to give Indians to colonist as servants

10. The Age of European Discovery 1 st Europeans to explore North America? Norse Sailors of Scandinavia, known as Vikings  From Iceland in 874 and Greenland in 974  Started a Northern Canada colony, led by Leif Erickson but it failed

11. What encouraged other Europeans to explore? Trade with the Orient by land  Who? Italian Adventurer Marco Polo’s tales in 1295  Where? China and India  What? Spices, dyes, rugs, silks, …… What caused Europeans to seek an ocean passage? Vast Deserts, Bandits, and “Middlemen” taxes Marco Polo

12. Why did the Crusades lead to the Age of Exploration? Returned with: exotic Spices, Perfumes and Fabrics…created a new demand in Europe The end of the Feudal systems that defined the European Middle Ages was primarily caused by? Trade and a new middle class of merchants With trade, merchants and artisans moved away from the Manor system (Feudalism)

13. Technology and Mercantilism What made long ocean voyages feasible/possible? Improved sailing and ship building technology:  Caravel, Compass and Astrolabe European dynasty building: Led to more funding Missionary opportunities led to more funding (Protestant and Catholic)

14. What European country took the lead in exploring? Portugal (a Catholic country) Who motivated Portugal to explore? Prince Henry “the Navigator”  Created navigation and mapmaking schools  Increased Portugal’s Navy Who explored for Portugal? B. Diaz = 1486 rounds the bottom tip of South Africa V. de Gama = 1498 arrives in Calcutta, India P. Cabral = 1500 discovered Brazil Diaz = tip of Africa de Gama = India Cabral = Brazil

15. Why did Portugal’s Prince Henry want to explore? To discover a Water route to the Orient to avoid taxes, deserts, and bandits Why did Portugal limit further expansion? Decline in finances led to little funding for expeditions What was the impact of Portuguese exploration? West African coast trading centers Slave trade and slave plantation estates African Gold (two-thirds of Europe's supply)

16. Review Questions Period 1 (Part 1) 1.Who were the 1 st Europeans to explore North America? A.Vikings of Scandinavia 2.What encouraged other European countries to explore? A.Trade with the orient (China and India)…inspired by Marco Polo’s tales 3.What encouraged Europeans to seek an ocean passage to the Orient? A.To avoid Deserts, Bandits and Middleman taxes 4.What three things made long ocean voyages feasible/possible? A.Caravel, Compass and Astrolabe 5.What Europeans led in exploring, who encouraged them and why? A.Portugal, Prince Henry “The Navigator,” discover a water route to Asia 6.Why did Portugal limit further expansion? A.Ran out of money 7.What was the impact of Portuguese exploration? A.West African trading centers, Slave trade and African Gold

17. What European country competed with Portugal? Spain (a Catholic country) What motivated Spain to explore? Political, Economic and Religious expansion (Mercantilism) Christopher Columbus Why did Columbus explore? Seeking a shorter western route to the Orient for trade Glory, wealth, and evangelism Proved that the world was not flat Not Really Columbus

18. Early Spanish Colonization What are the three motivations for Spanish Exploration and Colonization? 1.God- Expand the influence of the Catholic Church 2.Glory- Expand the influence and power of the King of Spain 3.Gold- make money

19. Where did Columbus land?…Not America! The Bahamas (San Salvador) in 1492 with three ships…then to Hispaniola (Haiti) in 1493 with 17 ships Thought he landed in the Indies (Far East – Orient)  Called natives Indians  After 2nd voyage he wrote about bountiful new land that he had discovered (realized it was not the Indies)

20. Why wasn’t the Americas named the Columbias? Amerigo Vespucci, a passenger on a Portuguese voyage, wrote a letter (Mundus Novus) about his voyages to the New World before Columbus’ words were published The Earliest map started calling it America, after Vespucci Martin Waldseemuller’s World Map 1507

21. What was the impact of Columbus’ discovery? Money: Gained funding for more Spanish expeditions Sugar: Introduction caused a “sugar revolution” leading to slavery throughout the Caribbean Fighting: Increased rivalry of Catholic countries (Portugal and Spain), for New World dominance Death: In the century after Columbus, 90% of Native Americans died What was the Columbian Exchange? Transfer of Goods, Crops, and Diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492 From American to Europe Tobacco, Maize, beans, tomatoes and especially the Potato From European to America Crops and Animals: cattle, swine and Horses

22. How was the Portuguese and Spanish rivalry resolved? Catholic Pope settled the conflict with the TREATY of TORDESILLAS 1494:  A demarcation line of 46’ West latitude was set o Portugal: got land west of the line (only got Brazil) o Spain: got land east of line  Spain became the dominate exploring and colonizing power in the 1500s.

23. Review Questions Period 1 1.What European country competed with Portugal and why did they explore? A.Spain…for Political, Economic and Religious expansion (Mercantilism) 2.Why did Columbus explore and where did he land? A.Shorter Orient trade route. Glory, Wealth, evangelism, San Salvador 3. Why wasn’t the Americas named the Columbias? A.Amerigo Vespucci’s letter (Mundus Novus) and early map maker 4. What was the impact of Columbus’ discovery? A.Columbian Exchange: Money (Funding), Sugar, Fighting and Death 5. How was the Portuguese and Spanish rivalry solved? A.Treaty of Tordesillas of 1794

24. What reasons were given for Spain’s explorations of the New World? God, Glory, and Gold The CONQUISTOADORES (Spanish for Conquerors): mostly influenced Mexico, Central and South America Who were the CONQUISTADORS?  Balboa 1513 = explored Panama to the Pacific Ocean  Magellan 1519 = circumnavigated the globe  Ponce de Leon 1521 = Started Florida colony but failed and search for fountain of youth  Cortez 1521 = conquered the Aztecs (Montezuma) in Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) Balboa Magellan Leon CORTEZ

25. Coronado Pizarro Cabrillo de Soto  de Soto 1539 = explored Florida  de Coronado 1542 = mapped the Southwest  Pizarro 1532 = conquered the Incas in Peru  Cabrillo 1542 = explored the California region Which CONQUISTADORES are most significant? All of them: as a whole they claimed immense areas of the New World for Spain

26. Follow the Conquistadores

27. Spanish Conquistadores Vs. Indians Cortez 1521: conquered the Aztecs (Montezuma) in Tenochtitlan (later Mexico City) Pizarro 1532: conquered the Incas in Peru Conquistadores (Conquerors), armed with horses and gunpowder and preceded by disease, defeated the Indians  Diverse motives: Win Royal Favor; Win God’s Favor; escape their pasts…ALL SHARED A LUST FOR GOLD  Created a new race of people…mixture of Spanish and Indians (Mestizos)…current day Mexicans

28. Impact of Conquistadores Gold Forts Estates Missions Mestizos Disease Land acquired for Spain Catholic Missions and Churches: top priority (“an army of mercy”). Some Indians, like the Pueblo of the Southwest resisted and rebelled in the “1680 Pueblo revolt” Large estates and ranches established Mestizos: one Spanish and one Indian parent Cortes Fort St. Augustine Death from Disease

29. Review Questions Period 1 (Part 2) 1.Why did Spain explore the Americas? A.God, Glory, and Gold 2.The Spanish explorers were known as, what? A.The Conquistadores 3.Which Spanish explorer was the first to circumnavigate the globe? A.Magellan 4.Which Spanish explorer established a temporary colony in Florida? A.Ponce de Leon 5.The mighty Aztec empire was taken over by which Conquistador? A.Cortez 6.The Inca empire in Peru was taken over by which Conquistador? A.Pizarro 7.Before Cortez, who led the Aztec empire and where was it located? A.Montezuma. It was located in present day Mexico City 8.What three things enabled the Conquistadores to defeat the Aztecs? A.Horses, Gunpowder and Disease 9. Name some of the motives for Spain’s expeditions to the New World? A.Royal favor, God’s Favor, escape their past, and lust for gold. 10. Name some of the impact of the Conquistadores in the Americas? A.Land for Spain, Catholic Missions, established ranches, and Mexicans

30. Note Taking Study Guide Pages 8 and 10

31. Colonization Many European countries were setting up Colonies: Territories established by a government in a foreign land North America: it was the Spanish, French and English who dominated

32. Why did Spanish colonies grow so slowly? Pirates of the Caribbean terrorized the Ocean  Cost to defend ships against the Pirates was expensive Storms also caused wrecks and sinking’s of Spanish ships

33. Who were prominent Pirates of the Caribbean? English Pirate: Henry Morgan and Sir Francis Drake Other Pirates of “Sea Dogs”: unofficial agents to steal from Spanish for England  St. Augustine = 1 st permanent European settlement (Spanish) in Florida started as a fort to protect Spanish goods from pirates Sir Francis Drake Henry Morgan Fort St. Augustine

34. More reasons for slow Spanish growth MERCANTILISM: Under this system, wealth was accumulated (gold and silver) only for the government  Spain did not reinvest it or allow private enterprise, which did not allow the economy of Spain to grow England established colonies to provide raw materials; the colonies received manufactured goods in return

35. Review Questions Period 1 1.Why did Spanish colonies grow so slowly? A.Pirates of the Caribbean (Cost to defend ship)…and Storms 2.Who were the two prominent Pirates of the Caribbean? A.Henry Morgan and Sir Francis Drake 3.What was the 1 st permanent European settlement, and who built it? A.St. Augustine…built by Spain as a fort to protect goods from pirates 4.Explain Mercantilism? A.Under this system, wealth was accumulated (gold and silver) only for the government. England established colonies to provide raw materials; the colonies received manufactured goods in return

36. What motivated France to explore? Competition with European rivals Gold (mercantilism), Glory, and God for France Who explored for France? Cartier 1534: Searched for the NORTHWEST PASSAGE Champlain 1608 = Quebec was the first successful French colony in North America. Made money working with Indians as a trading company called New France  Searched for lake to connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Verrazano 1524 = Northeast coast of America Verrazano CartierChamplain France

37. Who settled in New World for France? Huguenots = French Protestants seeking religious freedom from Catholics  Failed settlements due to Spanish attacks. Later became South Carolina and Florida Catholics = settled in Canada and establish fur trade with Indians Huguenots Church Charleston, S.C.

38. Why did New France grow slowly? Coldness of Quebec Contentment with their status in France Migration not encouraged as labor was needed in France Fur trade with Indians only needed few settlers, done to avoid conflict (emphasis on trade not settlements) Mercantilism What was the impact of France in the New World? Another European power competing for land (Ohio Valley)

39. What happened to Spain’s Dominance? England defeated the Spanish Armada (Naval fleet)  England became the #1 power in Europe  Signaled the beginning of the end for Spain in the new World NOTE: This era of national pride led to a golden age of literature with William Shakespeare at the forefront.

40. Review Questions Period 1 (Part 4) 1.What motivated France to explore? A.Gold, Glory and God…and competition with other European countries 2.Who explored for France, and which searched for the Northwest Passage? A.Cartier, Champlain and Verrazano…Cartier 3.Who settled in New World for France and why? A.Huguenots…Protestants seeking religious freedom from Catholics 4.Why did the Huguenot settlements fail and what did the area become? A.Attacked by Spain, later became South Carolina and Florida 5.Why did New France, established in present-day Canada, grow slowly? A.Coldness of Quebec, Content to stay in France, Migration discouraged, Fur trade only needed few settlers, to avoid conflict, Mercantilism 6.What was the impact of France in the New World? A.Another European power competing for land (Ohio Valley) 7.What happened to Spain’s Dominance? A.Once England defeated the Spanish Armada, England became the #1 power in Europe, signaling the end for Spain in the New World

41. Note Taking Study Guide Page 12

42. The Shaping of North America: Recorded history began 6,000 years ago 500 years ago Europeans set foot on the Americas The theory of “Pangaea” exists suggesting that the continents were once one mega-continent Continental plate movement created the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains The Great Ice Age thrust down over North America and scoured the present day American Midwest Period 1 Review

43. The “Land Bridge” theory… As the Ice Age diminished, so did the glaciers over North America The theory holds that a “Land Bridge” emerged linking Asia (Alaska) & North America across the Bering Sea o People were said to have walked across the “bridge” before the sea level rose and sealed it off o The Land Bridge occurred about 35,000 years ago Peopling the Americas

44. Many peoples emerged… Those who crossed the land bridge spread across North, Central, and South America Countless tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000 languages. Notably…  Incas – (Peru), with elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire.  Mayas – (Yucatan Peninsula), with step pyramids  Aztecs – (Mexico), with step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered peoples

45. Then, people didn’t have to be hunter-gatherers, they could settle down and be farmers  This gave rise to towns and then cities  Corn arrived in the U.S. area around 1,200 B.C. Pueblo Indians: Pueblos were the 1st American corn growers Lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos (“villages” in Spanish) Elaborate irrigation systems to draw water from rivers to grown corn The Earliest Americans Development of corn or “maize” around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary…

46. Mound Builders: Built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio Valley. Eastern Indians: Grew corn, beans, and squash in three sister farming  Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash’s broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil. Likely had the best diet of all North American Indians:  In the South: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw and…  In the North: The Iroquois

47. Hiawatha was the legendary leader Was a group of 5 tribes in New York state They were matrilineal…authority passed down through the female line Each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters, like war and defense  This was not normal among Indians; they usually were scattered and separated (made them weak) Iroquois Confederation

48. Native Americans had a very different view of things: Felt no man owned the land, the tribe did. (Europeans liked private property) Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic) Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans believed nature and land was given to man by God to be subdued Indians had little or no concept or interest in money (Europeans loved money or gold)

49. Review Questions Period 1 1.What is Pangaea? A.The idea the world use to be one big land mass 2.How long ago did the Land Bridge connecting Alaska and America exist? A.35,000 years 3.Name three early Native American tribes in North America? A.Incan, Mayans and Aztecs 4.What development that occurred around 5000BC was revolutionary? A.Growing of Corn or Maize 5.What two effects did the growing of corn have on society? A.People no longer had to be hunter/gatherers; gave rise to cities 6.Who was the first American Corn growers and how did they live? A.Pueblos…they lived in Adobe huts 7.What did they call the people who built ceremonial mounds? A.The Mound Builders 8.Explain Three-Sisters Farming? A.Growing Corn, Beans and Squash on the same stalk 9.Who was the legendary leader of the Iroquois Confederacy? A.Hiawatha 10.What was unique about the Iroquois Confederacy? A.Indian tribes worked together 11.What are some ways Native Americans viewed things differently? A.The land was sacred and couldn’t be owned, everything has a spirit, not interested in money.

50. The 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway): Around 1,000 A.D., the Vikings landed, led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson  They landed in “Newfoundland” or “Vinland” (due to all of the vines)…part of Canada  Left no written record so they didn’t get the credit. The only record is found in Viking sagas or songs Christian Crusaders of the Middle Ages fought in Palestine to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Muslims  This mixing of East and West created a sweet-tooth where Europeans wanted the spices of the exotic East Indirect Discoverers of the New World

51. Marco Polo traveled to China and stirred up interest Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but was over land.  This initiated new exploration around Africa for an easier (water) route Portugal started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the “Spice Islands,”  Eventually rounded Africa’s southern Cape of Good Hope New developments emerged… 1.Caravel – a ship with a triangular sail that could better sail into the wind to return to Europe from the Africa 2.Compass – to determine direction 3.Astrolabe – device that could tell a ship’s latitude Europeans Enter Africa

52. Slavery was initially race-independent. A slave was those lost in battle.  Usually, slaves came from the Slavic regions of Europe, hence the name Redlegs: Nickname for white slaves of Barbados The first African slave trade was across the Sahara Desert Later, it was along the West African coast. Traders busted up tribes and families to squelch any possible uprising Slaves wound up on sugar plantations the Portuguese set up off of the Africa’s coast Spain watched Portugal’s success with exploration and slaving with envy and wanted a piece of the pie Slave trade begins

53. Christopher Columbus convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to fund his expedition His goal was to reach the East (East Indies/India/China) by sailing west to bypass the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized (controlled)  He misjudged size of the Earth, thinking it 1/3 the size So, after 30 days he struck land (Bahamas), he assumed he’d made it to the East Indies and therefore called the people “Indians.” This created the following system… 1.Europe would provide the: market, capital & technology 2.Africa would provide the labor (slaves) 3.The New World (North America) would provide the raw materials of gold, soil, and lumber Columbus Comes upon a New World

54. The biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds.  It was a trade of life: plants, foods, animals, germs From the New World to the Old: corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc….also, syphilis From Old World to the New: cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc.  Devastating diseases – smallpox, yellow fever, malaria o The Indians had no immunities  An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease, within 100 years of his voyage When Worlds Collide (Columbian Exchange)

55. Review Questions Period 1 1.Who were the first Europeans to come to America and where? A.Norse (Vikings)…Newfoundland 2.Why did the Christian Crusaders fight the Muslims? A.To regain control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) 3.Who traveled to China and caused others to want to travel? A.Marco Polo 4.Name three developments that helped make sailing easier? A.Caravel, Astrolabe, and Compass 5.Where did the term slave come from? A.Because early slaves were taken from the Slavic region 6.Where was the first African slave trade? A.Across the Sahara Desert 7.Why did Spain enter the slave trade? A.They envied the success of the Portuguese 8.Who funded Columbus’ expedition? A.Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain 9.Where was Columbus trying to go and where did he end up? A.East Indies; Bahamas 10.What was a negative affect of the Columbian Exchange? A.90% of Indians died

56. Examining the Evidence (Read and answer the questions) (Page 7) Group Activity

57. Bell Work During the Age of discovery (European global exploration that started in the early 15th century), historians say that the Spanish were motivated by God, gold and glory. What do you think historians mean by this?

58. Barely 2 years after Columbus discovered the area, Europeans were divided it up for themselves Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 – Peace treaty between Portugal and Spain: Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. Under the treaty, the Pope drew this line as he was respected by both The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didn’t know it at the time) Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

59. Vasco Balboa – “discovered” the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan – First to circumnavigated the globe Ponce de Leon – Named Florida while looking for legendary “Fountain of Youth” Hernando Cortes – Conquered the Aztecs and created Mexico. Later dies and is “buried” in the Mississippi River Francisco Pizarro – conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. Francisco Coronado – ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary Cibola, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians Conquistador: Spanish for “conqueror”

60. Indians “commended” or given to Spanish landlords The idea was: Indians would work on the farm and be converted to Christianity  But it was basically slavery on a sugar plantation disguised as missionary work Encomienda system established

61. Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan Cortez came from Cuba, then marched over mountains to the Aztec capital Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear that very year. Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the noche triste, “sad night”. Cortez and his men fought their way out  But it was smallpox that eventually beat the Indians The Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlan and built the Spanish capital (Mexico City) on top of the Aztec city A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood The Conquest of Mexico

62. Spanish society quickly spread through Peru and Mexico A threat came from neighbors…  English – John Cabot (an Italian who sailed for England) touched the coast of the current U.S.  Italy – Giovanni de Verrazano also touched on the North American seaboard.  France – Jacques Cartier went into mouth of St. Lawrence River (Canada). The Spread of Spanish America To oppose this, Spain set up forts (presidios) all over the California coast. And built cities like St. Augustine, Florida

63. Don Juan de Onate: He conquered the Indians of New Mexico ruthlessly, maiming them by cutting off one foot of survivors just so they’d remember  Despite mission efforts, the Pueblo Indians revolted in Pope’s Rebellion Robert de LaSalle sailed for France. Claimed a region for King Louis and named it “Louisiana” after his king  This started a slew of place-names for that area, from LaSalle (I.e: Illinois to Louisville, and New Orleans)

64. “Black Legend” – The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery)  Though true, they also brought good things such as: o Law systems o Architecture o Christianity o Language o and civilization The Black Legend

65. Review Questions Period 1 1.What ended the land dispute between Portugal and Spain? A.Treaty of Tordesillas created by the Pope 2.Which Spanish explorer was the first to circumnavigate the globe? A.Ferdinand Magellan 3.Who conquered the Incan Empire of Peru? A.Francisco Pizarro 4.What system allowed the Spanish to treat the Indians like slaves? A.Encomienda 5.Who conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan? A.Hernando Cortez 6.What new race emerged from the Spanish conquering the Aztecs? A.Mestizos (Mexicans) 7.How did the Spanish respond to threats from its European neighbors? A.Began building forts (presidios) 8.What was the name of the Pueblo Indian revolt? A.Pope’s Rebellion 9.What was the Black Legend? A.The notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (disease, slavery)