1. Theme 3 Aflatoxin mitigation to improve nutrition, safety and market competitiveness CGIAR

2. Village Frequency of aflatoxigenic A.flavus in soil (%) Chitego 84 (45/53) Njoro 71 (35/49) Mlali 50 (22/44) Laikala 36 (10/28) Moleti50 (10/20) Aspergillus recovery from Bamabaranut Toxigenic isolate fluorescing on coconut agar Mapping aflatoxin contamination

3. Field and freshly harvested samples Number of samples tested in 2012-2013 Frequency of samples having >20 ppb toxin (%) Number of samples tested in 2013-2014 Frequency of samples having >20 ppb toxin (%) Bambara nuts786.4641.5 Groundnut16318.41125.3 Sunflower1382.11319.1 Sorghum570358.5 Maize3661.911663.6 Storage samples Number of samples tested in 2012-2013 Frequency of samples having >20 ppb toxin (%) Number of samples tested in 2013-2014 Frequency of samples having >20 ppb toxin (%) Bambara nuts4862.51311.52 Groundnut8381.91376.5 Sunflower9661.41833.82 Sorghum401013718.2 Maize--2350.85 Aflatoxin contamination in fresh and storage crops S. Anitha, W. Munthali, H. Msere, E. Swai, E. Sichone, A. Rathore, and P. Okori. Prevalence of aflatoxin in diverse cropping system and its management in central Tanzania. Submitted to crop protection journal

4. Survey after the post-harvest management training Frequency (%) Aflatoxin awareness among farmers attended training 82.0 Farmers grading their grains 84.0 Criteria for grading grains 1.Based on rottenness 2.Based on size 3.Based on plumpness 4.Based on colour 78.0 65.0 35.0 29.0 The reason for drying the grains 1.To reduce moisture 2.Not known 3.Just as a traditional practice 82.0 13.0 6.0 Farmers awareness and practice on proper drying, grading and storage of grains to reduce aflatoxin in grains 92.0 Impact of training

5. Maize porridge is a major complementary food for children less than 1000 days. Pigeonpea produced is for trading. Low quality of staple grains (aflatoxin contamination). The children are exposed with mean AFM1 level of 122 pg ml -1 of urine. Less knowledge on importance of nutrition content in daily food. Less involvement of men in household activities including feeding. Intensive 21 days learning by doing process. Quantification of impact on underweight, wasting and stunting Baseline to understand current practice on utilization of cereals and legumes followed by training (PDH model)

6. The effect of legumes cereal based complementary diet, reduced aflatoxin exposure and improved hygiene practices on wasting and underweight status of children in Central Tanzania Anitha Seetha 1, Yasinta Muzanila 2, Taku W. Tsusaka 1, Emmanuel S Monyo 3, Lizzie Kachulu 1 Mike Musoke 1, and Patrick Okori 1 1 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), P.O Box 1096 Lilongwe, Malawi 2 Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O Box 3000, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania 3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), P.O.Box, 39063, Nairobi Kenya

7. Introduction At national level, stunting or chronic malnutrition was estimated as 35% of children between 0-59 months age which is though fell from 42 % between 2010 and 2014. According to WHO classification, stunting rates above 20%, wasting rates above 5% and underweight rates above 10% are considered high and cause for alarm in any population (WHO, 2014). Wasting, stunting and underweight are the three elements of undernutrition. The causes for undernutrition is multifactorial. The current study focused on (1)Dietary diversification using locally produced affordable food, (2)Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) (3)Food safety management, specifically aflatoxin control.

8. Methodology 1.Baseline Survey with anthropometry measurement, crop sample analysis and urine sample analysis for aflatoxin 2.Training – Positive deviance hearth model (CORE,2000) 3.The difference-in-difference (DID) is a capable tool to estimate treatment effects by systematically comparing the pre- and post-treatment differences in the outcome between a treatment group and a control group.

9. Indicators Value, number of sample Age in months Exclusively breast fed (EBF), %(69.1%), 87, <6 months Dietary diversity score, mean (SD)3.00 (1.1), 87, 6-23 months Met minimum dietary score, %39 %, 87, 6-23 months Meal frequency, mean (SD)2.31 (0.96), 87, 6-23 months Met minimum meal frequency (MMF), %43.7 %, 87, 6-23 months Met minimum acceptable diet, %18.4 %, 87, 6-23 months Result: Dietary diversification and IYCF practice

10. Coefficientp-value Food aflatoxin 0.38220.0257 Urine aflatoxin Coefficient of correlation between Food Aflatoxin (pg/ml) and urine aflatoxin Under nutrition status Z-Scores % below -2 Wasting6.9% Stunting31% Underweight19.5% Under nutrition status before training According to WHO classification, stunting rates above 20%, wasting rates above 5% and underweight rates above 10% are considered high and cause for alarm in any population (WHO, 2014).

11. Regression Dependent Variable: Weight-For-Age Z- Score CoefficientT-statisticsp-value N= 348 R-squared= 0.0054 F-statistic= 5.23 P-value= 0.0001 Treatment Dummy-0.1556338-0.380.705 Day 7 Dummy -0.1475-0.560.578 Day 14 Dummy-0.095625-0.370.713 Day 21 Dummy-0.215625-0.790.429 DID (Day 7)0.26834510.990.326 DID (Day 14)0.29900531.130.263 DID (Day 21)0.49323061.77 0.080 constant-0.48-1.320.190 Impacts of feeding trials on underweight: DID OLS Robust Model

12. Regression Dependent Variable: Weight-for-Height Z-Score Coefficien t T-statisticsp-value N= 348 R-squared= 0.0389 F-statistic= 2.97 P-value= 0.0078 Treatment Dummy0.32247360.760.447 Day 7 Dummy-0.179375-0.520.607 Day 14 Dummy-0.1125-0.340.732 Day 21 Dummy-0.218125-0.630.528 DID (Day 7)0.33444540.950.346 DID (Day 14)0.39235921.170.247 DID (Day 21)0.45939261.290.199 constant-0.219375-0.570.572 Impacts of feeding trials on wasting: DID OLS Robust Model

13. Conclusion: 1.A randomized controlled trial and difference-in-difference regression revealed significant improvement in health outcomes within 21 days by virtue of the comprehensive training implemented. 2.The article presented the first result on aflatoxin assay of children’s urine in Tanzania with high correlation with aflatoxin in food ingredients that they consume. 3.Direct observation of the immediate outcome will convince mothers to maintain the good practices that are affordable in the communities. 4.Further elicitation and incorporation of local preferences and tastes would help guarantee sustainable adoption.

14. The Team: Core implementers

15. Thank you! ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium