3. Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221- 206 B.C.E.  Established China’s first empire   Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E)  Legalist rule   Bureaucratic administration  Centralized control  Military expansion  Book burnings  targeted Confucianists  Buried protestors alive!  Built large section of the Great Wall

4. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

6. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen

7. Cavalry

8. Individual Soldiers

9. The Details of an Individual Soldier

10. Individual “Tombs”

11. The Great Wall with Towers

12. The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass

14. Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.  “People of the Han”  original Chinese  Paper invented [105 B.C.E.]   Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many  Buddhism introduced into China  Expanded into Central Asia

15. Han – Roman Empire Connection

16. Chang’ an The Han Capital

17. Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE) His jade suit has 2498 pieces!

18. Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.  Started public schools.  Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam.  Civil service system   bureaucrats  Confucian scholar-gentry  Revival of Chinese landscape painting.

19. Han Artifacts Imperial Seal Han Ceramic House

20. Ceramics, Later Han Period

21. Trade Routes of the Ancient World

22. Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk Road

23. Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression. Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia

25. Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E.  “Land Equalization” System  land redistribution.  Unified coinage.  Grand Canal constructed.  Established an army of professional soldiers.  People were overworked and overtaxed!

26. The Grand Canal

27. The Grand Canal Today

29. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.  Imperial examination system perfected.  Liberal attitude towards all religions.  Spread of Buddhism in China  Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries.   Japan, Korea, Persia

30. Tang Government Organization

31. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.  New technologies:  Printing  moveable print   Porcelain  Gunpowder  Mechanical clocks  More cosmopolitan culture.  Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.  Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. 

32. Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705  The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone.   Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court.  Construction of new irrigation systems.  Buddhism was the favored state religion.  Financed the building of many Buddhist temples.  BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies.

33. Foot-Binding in Tang China  Broken toes by 3 years of age.   Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

34. Foot-Binding in Tang China Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.

35. Foot-Binding in Tang China  For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

36. The Results of Foot- Binding

38. Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.  Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.  Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.  Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power! 

39. Song Peasant Family

40. Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song

41. Song Rice Cultivation

43. Mongolian Steppes

44. Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

45. Mongol Invasions

46. Mongol Warriors

47. Mongol Archer

48. Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13c

49. Gold Saddle, Front View – Mongols, 13c

50. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]  Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”]  1162 - 1227  from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia]

51. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]  Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:  If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity.  If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children.  If you do not have children, we will take your wife.  If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.  Used cruelty as a weapon  some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

52. Mongol Nobleman, late 13c

53. Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14c

54. Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c

55. The Extent of the Mongol Empire

56. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.  Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]  Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”]  Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them.   No Chinese in top govt. posts.  Believed foreigner were more trustworthy.  Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo

57. Marco Polo (1254- 1324)  A Venetian merchant.  Traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295  “Black Stones” [coal]  Gunpowder.  Noodles.

58. Marco Polo’s Travels

59. Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics

60. Yuan Dynasty, 1279- 1368 C.E.  The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c.  Sent fleets against Japan.  1281  150,000 warriors  Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”]   Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

61. China’s last native imperial dynasty!

62. The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital

63. Revived the Civil Service Exam

64. Ming Cultural Revolution   Printing & Literacy   Cheap, popular books:   woodblock printing.   cheap paper.   Examination system.   Leads to explosion in literacy.    Leads to further popularization of the commercial market.   Culture & Art   Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things:   Literature.   Painting.   Ceramics.   Opera.

65. Ming Silver Market   Spanish Silver Convoys   Triangle route:   Philippines to China to Japan.   Silver floods Chinese Market:   Causes devaluation of currency & recession   Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas.   Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe   Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe.   Helps fund conquest of New World    Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.

66. Ming Dynasty, 1368- 1644 C.E.  Golden Age of Chinese Art  Moderation  Softness  Gracefulness  Three different schools of painting developed.  Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City.

67. Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398)

68. The Tribute System

69. Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)   Ming “Treasure Fleet”   Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide 1371-1435

70. Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)   China’s “Columbus?” 

71. Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages   First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].   Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip].   Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men].   Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men].   Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419   Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422   Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.   Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433   Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam   100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.

72.   1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

73. Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17c–18c

74. Ming Vases, 18c

75. Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c

76. Ming Scroll Painting “Travellers in Autumn Mountains”

77. Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar”

78. Ming Painting – “Birds and Flowers”, 16c

79. Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c

80. Imperial China’s Impact on History  Removed religion from morality.  Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate.  Mandate of Heaven  Secular law.  Valued history  The Dynastic Cycle