1. The Cerebellum

2. Position
Lies above and behind the medullar and pons and occupies posterior cranial fossa
Cerebellum

3. External features
Consists of two cerebellar hemisphere united in the midline by the vermis

4. Lobs Two deep fissures Three lobs Primary fissure
Posterolateral fissure
Three lobs
Flocculonodular lobe 叶 flocculus and nodule
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Corpus of
cerebellar

5. Internal structures Fastigial nucleus Cerebellar cortex
Globose nucleus
Dentate nucleus
Emboliform nucleus
medullary center

6. Connections and function of cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
Function: involved in eye movements and maintain balance

7. Connections and function of cerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Function: play an important role in control of muscle tone and coordination of muscle movement on the same side of the body

8. Connections and function of cerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
Function: participates in planning movements

9. The Diencephalon

10. Position
Position: Lies between midbrian and cerebrum, almost entirely surrounded by cerebral hemisphere

11. Subdivision Doral thalamus背侧丘脑 Metathalamus后丘脑
Epithalamus上丘脑 Subthalamus底丘脑 Hypothalamus下丘脑

12. Dorsal thalamus External features A large egg-shaped nucleus mass,
Anterior end called anterior thalamic tubercle,
Posterior end called pulvinar
Right and left portion of thalamus are joined by interthalamic adhesion
Floor－hypothalamic sulcus

14. Three nuclear group－divided by internal medullary lamina
Anterior nuclear group
Medial nuclear group
Lateral nuclear group
internal medullary lamina
Med. nuclear group
Dorsal tier
Ant. nuclear group
Pulvinar
Ventral anterior
Medial geniculate body (MGN)
Ventral intermediate
Ventral posterior nucleus (VP)
Lateral geniculate body (LGN)
Ventral posterolateral (VPL)
Ventral posteromedial (VPM )

15. Subdivision
Principal Nuclei
Common abbreviation
Ant. nuclear group
Med. nuclear group
Lat. nuclear group
Dorsal tier
Lateral dorsal LD
Lateral posterior LP
Pulvinar
Ventral tier
Ventral anterior VA
Ventral intermediate VI
Ventral posterior VP
Ventral posterolateral
VPL
Ventral posteromedial
VPM

16. Special relay nuclei Vent. anterior nucleus (VA)
Vent. intermediate nucleus (VI)
Receiving dentate nucleus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra to motor cortex
Vent. posteromedial nucleus (VPM) －receives trigeminal lemniscus and teste fibers
Vent. posterolateral nucleus (VPL) －receives medial lemniscus and spinal lemniscus
Projects to first somatic sensory area via central thalamic radiation

17. Metathalamus后丘脑 Metathalamus Lateral geniculate body (LGN)
Medial geniculate body (MGN)
Metathalamus

18. Metathalamus Medial geniculate body (MGN)
Relay station of audition
Receive fibers from inferior colliculus
Projects to auditory area via acoustic radiation
Lateral geniculate body (LGN)
Relay station of vision
Receive fibers from optic tract
Projects to visual area via optic radiation

19. Hypothalamus Position－lies ventral to thalamus Boundaries 视上部位于视交叉上方，
Superiorly:
hypothalamic sulcus
Inferiorly:
optic chiasma
tuber cinereum
Infundibulum
mamillary body
Anterior: lamina terminalis
Posterior:
continues with midbrain
tegmentum
视上部位于视交叉上方，
由视上核和室旁核所组成；
结节部位于漏斗的后方；
乳头部位于乳头体。

20. Subthalamus
Transition zone between diencephalons and tegmentum of midbrain
Contain subthalamic nucleus, parts of red nucleus and substantia nigra
内含底丘脑核，与黑质、红核、苍白球有密切联系，属锥体外系的
重要结构。人类一侧底丘脑核受损，可产生对侧肢体，尤其上肢较为显著的、不自主的舞蹈样动作，成半身舞蹈病或半身颤搐(tarantism)。

21. Hypothalamus --connection
Supraoptic nucleus →supraoptic nucleus (ADH) →supraopticohypophyseal tract →posterior lobe of hypophysis
Paraventricular nucleus → paraventicular nucleus (oxytocin) →paraventriculohypophyseal tract→posterior lobe of hypophysis

22. Hypothalamus Function Regulates functions of neuroendocrine system
Autonomic nervous system

23. Third ventricle Communication
Position: a narrow ventricle cleft lies within diencephalons
Boundaries
Roof: choroids plexus
Floor: optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, infundibulum and mamillary body
Anterior: lamina terminalis
Posterior: continuous with mesencephalic aqueduct
Lateral wall: dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus
Communication
Third ventricle →mesencephalic aqueduct → fourth ventricle

24. The Telencephalon

25. External feature
The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure.
The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum
Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferior

26. Three principal sulci Central sulcus Lateral sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Central sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Lateral sulcus

27. Five lobes Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe
Insular lobe
Parietal lobe
Insular lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

28. Hippocampus
Hippocampal
formation
Dentate gyrus

29. Functional location of cerebral cortex

30. First somatic motor area
Position: located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule

31. First somatic motor area
Characters
Representation is inverted, but head and face are upright
A body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size
Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, VA, VL and VPL, sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements

32. First somatic sensory area
Position－lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule

33. First somatic sensory area
Characters
Sensory representation, like motor area, is crossed and inverted
Receiving and interpret sensation from opposite side of body

34. Auditory area Located in transverse temporal gyri
Receive auditory information from both ears

35. Visual area
Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe
Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side
Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections

36. Vestibular area: located in front of superior temporal gyrus
Olfactory area : located near the uncus
Taste area : located at frontal operculum

37. Language area It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person
Motor speech area
Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus
Damage: motor aphasia
Writing area
Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus
Damage: agraphia
Auditory speech area
Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
Lesion: sensory aphasia
Visual speech area
Located in angular gyrus
Lesion: alexia

38. Internal structures Lateral ventricle Position:
located in cerebral hemispheres
Four parts
Central part: lies in parietal lobe
Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe
Posterior horn extend into occipital lobe
Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe

39. Communication
lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle

40. Basal nuclei Corpus striatum Amygdaloid body Lentiform nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Claustrum
Amygdaloid body
Globus pallidus
－paleostriatum
putamen
Neostriatum

41. White matter Association fibers
Run between gyri within the same hemisphere
Cerebral arcuate fibers
Superior longitudinal fasciculi
Inferior longitudinal fasciculi
Uncinate fasciculus
Cingulum

42. Commissural fibers － run between left and right hemisphere
Corpus callosum: rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium
Anterior commissure
Fornix and commissure of fornix

43. Projection fibers: connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers
Internal capsule
Position: a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus

44. Three parts Anterior limb of internal capsule Genu of internal capsule
Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation
Genu of internal capsule
Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet
Containing corticonuclear tract
Posterior limb of internal capsule Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus
Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation

45. Anterior thalamic radiation
Head of caudate nucleus
Frontopontine tract
Corticonuclear tract
Lentiform nucleus
Corticorubral tract
Corticospinal tract
Parieto-occipito-
temporo-pontine tract
Dorsal thalamus
Central thalamic
radiation
Acoustic radiation
Medial geniculate body
Optic radiation
Lateral geniculate body

46. Limbic system Composition
Limbic lobe: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of insular lobe and so on
Associated subcortical nuclei: amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain
Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called ‘visceral brain’