1. Journal Graph the following:
Background: Natalie sets out to run 15 kilometers. Every 30 minutes she checked her pedometer to determine how far she had run. Use the data below to create a proper scientific graph Time (minutes) Total Distance (km)

2. Tools and Procedures
Chapter 1 Section 4

3. Common Measurement System
Most scientists us the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments
The metric system is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10

4. Analyzing Biological Data
When scientists collect data, they are often trying to find out whether certain factors changed or remained the same.
A graph of the data can make a pattern much easier to recognize and understand

5. Microscopy Microscope Science
Magnification is the power to increase an objects apparent size
Resolution is the power to show detail clearly. (How crisp and clear it is)

6. Types of Microscopes
Light microscopes uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses. They have a maximum resolving power of 2,000X.
Compound light microscopes use two or more lenses to magnify the image
a. In order to determine total magnification we must multiply the magnification of each of the lenses.
EXAMPLE: 10X ocular (eyepiece) and 40X objective create an image that is 400X the actual specimen (10 x 40 = 400)

8. Types of Microscopes
Electron microscopes can magnify an object up to 2,000,000 X.
Two types
1. TEM (transmission electron microscope): Thin section of a specimen is coated with a heavy metal. A beam of electrons are shot at the specimen. This microscope is used to detail the inner ultrastructures of a cell.

10. Types of Microscopes
SEM (Scanning electron microscope): Surface of the specimen is coated with gold. This produces a 3-D picture of the surface of the specimen.
Drawback: specimens must be dead

12. Using a Microscope
1. Use two hands to carry a microscope, one hand holding the arm, the other holding the base.
2. Only use lens paper and water to clean the lenses.
3. Always start off with the lowest magnification objective and work up to higher power one objective at a time.
4. Always observe the objective as it is rotated into place to ensure it doesn’t crash into the slide.

13. 5. Lower the stage to its lowest point before placing a slide on the stage.
6. Be sure the scanning objective is in place.
7. Raise the stage to its highest point without crashing the slide into the objective.

14. Journal
The line graph shows the number of worms collected and their lengths.
a) What length of worm is most common? b)  What was the longest worm found? c)  How many worms were 6 cm long? d)  How many worms were 7.25 cm long? e)  The peak of the curve represents the [ longest worms / average worms ]

15. Measurements/ Metric System

16. Measurements
Volume – Liquid volume are measured in graduated cylinders. SI unit = mL (milliliter)
Density is how heavy something is compared to its size
Density = Mass
Volume
Area – The amount of surface within a set of boundaries – Multiply Sides
Temperature – USE CELCIUS!
MASS vs. WEIGHT

17. Metric System Basics

18. Metric System
The metric system is based on a base unit that corresponds to a certain kind of measurement
Length = meter
Volume = liter
Weight (Mass) = gram
Prefixes plus base units make up the metric system
Example:
Centi + meter = Centimeter
Kilo + liter = Kiloliter

19. Metric System The three prefixes that we will use the most are: kilo
centi
milli
kilo
hecto
deca
Base Units
meter
gram
liter
deci
centi
milli

20. Metric System
So if you needed to measure length you would choose meter as your base unit
Length of a tree branch
1.5 meters
Length of a room
5 meters
Length of a ball of twine stretched out
25 meters

21. Metric System
But what if you need to measure a longer distance, like from your house to school?
Let’s say you live approximately 10 miles from school
10 miles = meters
16093 is a big number, but what if you could add a prefix onto the base unit to make it easier to manage:
16093 meters = kilometers (or 16.1 if rounded to 1 decimal place)

22. Metric System
These prefixes are based on powers of 10. What does this mean?
From each prefix every “step” is either:
10 times larger or
10 times smaller
For example
Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
kilo
hecto
deca
Base Units
meter
gram
liter
deci
centi
milli

23. Metric System
Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters so it takes more millimeters for the same length
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
Example not to scale 40 41
1 mm 40 41
1 cm

24. Metric System For each “step” to right, you are multiplying by 10
For example, let’s go from a base unit to centi
1 liter = 10 deciliters = 100 centiliters
2 grams = 20 decigrams = 200 centigrams
( 1 x 10 = 10) = (10 x 10 = 100)
(2 x 10 = 20) = (20 x 10 = 200)
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

25. Metric System
An easy way to move within the metric system is by moving the decimal point one place for each “step” desired
Example: change meters to centimeters
1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters or
1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

26. Metric System
Now let’s try our previous example from meters to kilometers:
16093 meters = decameters = hectometers = kilometers
So for every “step” from the base unit to kilo, we moved the decimal 1 place to the left (the same direction as in the diagram below)
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

27. Metric System
If you move to the left in the diagram, move the decimal to the left
If you move to the right in the diagram, move the decimal to the right
kilo
hecto
deca
meter
liter
gram
deci
centi
milli

28. Graphs and Graphing

29. Types of Graphs PIE – “Like Pieces of a Pie”
A pie graph allows us to compare parts of the whole with each other, or the fraction of the whole each part takes up. That might sound a bit complicated, but it's easy when you think about it in terms of cake.

30. Types of Graphs
Q 1.
What type of trash makes up the biggest portion of trash? 
Q 2.
Can we say what makes up the heaviest piece of trash from the graph?

31. Types of Graphs BAR – “Like stacks of Coins”
Bar graphs are good for giving a comparison of absolute numbers.  However, if we wanted to compare what portion each stack may represent of all the marine mammals combined, we need a pie graph.

32. Types of Graphs
Q 1.
Which animal can hold their breath the longest?
Q 2.
Which animal is the largest in size?

33. Types of Graphs LINE – “Like Turns in a Road”
A line graph is a good way to look at how something changes usually over time or sometimes over space. 
Making a line graph is really just a matter of  connecting the dots. 

34. Types of Graphs
Q 1.
Did Trey advance in height through the years?
Q 2.
Did Trey’s weight also increase through the years?

35. Identifying the x-coordinate
The independent variables are those that are deliberately manipulated to invoke a change in the dependent variables
Independent variables answer the question "What do I change?".

36. Identifying the y-coordinate
The dependent variables are those that are observed to change in response to the independent variables.
Dependent variables answer the question "What do I observe?".

37. Closing Question – Use the following information to create a graph
LABEL THE AXIS AND TITLE THE GRAPH!
The growth of a baby badger from birth to the age of ten months
Age/months
Mass/kg
0.1 2
1.4 4
3.6 6
6.8 8
9.8 10
10.4