1. End Show Slide 1 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-1 Energy and Life

3. End Show 8-1 Energy And Life Slide 3 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Living things need energy to survive. This energy comes from food. The energy in most food comes from the sun. Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?

4. End Show Slide 4 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.

5. End Show Slide 5 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Organisms, such as plants, which make their own food, are called autotrophs. Organisms, such as animals, that must obtain energy from the foods they consume are heterotrophs.

6. End Show Slide 6 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, and electricity. Energy can be stored in chemical compounds, too.

7. End Show 8-1 Energy And Life Slide 7 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP An important chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy is adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP. ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.

8. End Show Slide 8 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP ATP consists of: adenine ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) 3 phosphate groups Adenine ATP Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

9. End Show Slide 9 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP The three phosphate groups are the key to ATP's ability to store and release energy.

10. End Show Slide 10 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Storing Energy ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP. ADP ATP Energy Partially charged battery Fully charged battery + Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

11. End Show Slide 11 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Releasing Energy Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates. P ADP 2 Phosphate groups

12. End Show 8-1 Energy And Life Slide 12 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?

13. End Show Slide 13 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP The energy from ATP is needed for many cellular activities, including active transport across cell membranes, protein synthesis and muscle contraction. ATP’s characteristics make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all cells.

14. End Show Slide 14 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Using Biochemical Energy Most cells have only a small amount of ATP, because it is not a good way to store large amounts of energy. Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose.

15. End Show Slide 15 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview The key cellular process identified with energy production is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates and oxygen.

16. End Show Slide 16 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Plant Plant cells Chloroplast

17. End Show Slide 17 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Chloroplasts contain thylakoids—saclike photosynthetic membranes. Chloroplast Single thylakoid

18. End Show Slide 18 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. A singular stack is called a granum. Granum Chloroplast

19. End Show Slide 19 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called photosystems, which are the light-collecting units of the chloroplast. Chloroplast Photosyst ems

20. End Show Slide 20 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast The reactions of photosystems include: the light- dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, or Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma, which is the region outside the thylakoid membranes.

21. End Show Slide 21 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Chloroplast Lig ht H2OH2O O2O2 CO2CO2 Sug ars NADP + ADP + P Calvi n Cycl e Light- depende nt reactions Calv in cycl e

22. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 22 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-1

23. End Show Slide 23 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-1 Organisms that make their own food are called a.autotrophs. b.heterotrophs. c.decomposers. d.consumers.

24. End Show Slide 24 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-1 Most autotrophs obtain their energy from a.chemicals in the environment. b.sunlight. c.carbon dioxide in the air. d.other producers.

25. End Show Slide 25 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-1 How is energy released from ATP? a.A phosphate is added. b.An adenine is added. c.A phosphate is removed. d.A ribose is removed.

26. End Show Slide 26 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-1 How is it possible for most cells to function with only a small amount of ATP? a.Cells do not require ATP for energy. b.ATP can be quickly regenerated from ADP and P. c.Cells use very small amounts of energy. d.ATP stores large amounts of energy.

27. End Show Slide 27 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-1 Compared to the energy stored in a molecule of glucose, ATP stores a.much more energy. b.much less energy. c.about the same amount of energy. d.more energy sometimes and less at others.

28. END OF SECTION