1. Decolonization and the Decline of the European World Order Chapter 33

2. Intro  Borrowing from Europeans?  Ancient traditions, religions, cultures  Common cause  Western-educated middle class  Nationalism  Peaceful vs. violent  Internal forces and growing conflicts  Social and economic disruptions

3. India  Independence earlier in Asia than Africa  Indian nationalist movement  Key ideas shared: Lead by Western-educated elites Lead by Western-educated elites Importance of charismatic leaders in spread to peasant and urban masses Importance of charismatic leaders in spread to peasant and urban masses Non-violent forms of protest Non-violent forms of protest

4. India cont.  Indian National Congress Party Most loyal to British but worried about racism Most loyal to British but worried about racism  Followers grow b/c relations w/ Britain Indian budget paid for troops, admin. salaries Indian budget paid for troops, admin. salaries British goods vs. Indian goods British goods vs. Indian goods Cash crops … famines Cash crops … famines

5. Militant nationalism  Hindus vs. Muslims  B.G. Tilak  Violent terrorists  Leads to more moderate (Gandhi, etc)

6. Egypt  Double colonization (Turks and British)  Lord Cromer – reforms  Ayan benefited, masses did not  Growing middle class leads resistance  Egypt-journalists; India-lawyers  Repression before WWI  Dinshawai incident (1906)  1913-constitution and parliament

7. WWI  African and Asian soldiers serve empire  Replaced European workers  Supplied food, raw materials  Killing Europeans  Europeans not invincible  Recall admin. back to Europe, jobs filled by natives  Made (and broke) promises about post- war

8. Gandhi  Indians helped in war effort (bonds, etc)  Unrest, inflation, famines lead to discontent  Rowlatt Act  Gandhi’s appeal Good strategy: nonviolent disobedience Good strategy: nonviolent disobedience Western-educated lawyer Western-educated lawyer Hindu leader/teacher Hindu leader/teacher Good negotiator Good negotiator Gained support of the masses Gained support of the masses

9.  Break with Muslims (distrust, violence)  Hindu and Muslim extremists  Depression revives movement  Salt March  British agree to turn over provincial govt’s to the Indians  WWII disrupts plans

10. Middle East  Broken promises!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  Mandates (British and French)  Palestine Lord Balfour Lord Balfour Zionist movement Zionist movement Arab hostility Arab hostility Arabs not represented Arabs not represented

11. Egypt 1919  Suez Canal vital during war  Revolt/discontent  Wafd party  British negotiate to begin withdrawal in stages  Reserved right to reoccupy if threatened  Didn’t really help the people

12. Beginnings in Africa  Same as with Asia: broken promises, were loyal, rebellions, strikes, riots, war taught how to kill Europeans  Pan-African movements  French and British – different patterns  Non-settler colonies-greater opportunities  Only succeed AFTER WWII

13. WWII  Japanese (non-Europeans) destroyed myth  Harsh treatment  Devastation drained European resources  Increased power of US & USSR  “campaign for liberation” and against colonialism

14. S/SE Asia  War stops “deal” in India  Mass civil disobedience causes repression  Muslim League (separate state)  Inflation, unrest, famine, Churchill’s defeat lead to decolonization process  Partition: India(Hindu) & Pakistan(Muslim)  Death and displacement  Gandhi assassinated by Hindu extremist  Other British colonies follow  Also, Dutch, French, and US

15. Nonsettler Africa  Effects of war  British Gold Coast (Ghana) Kwame Nkrumah (more radical) Kwame Nkrumah (more radical) Fairly peaceful; rallies, strikes, boycotts, etc Fairly peaceful; rallies, strikes, boycotts, etc Peaceful transfer of power Peaceful transfer of power  Belgian/French (Congo, Ivory Coast, Senegal) Slower French retreat ensured moderate African leaders Slower French retreat ensured moderate African leaders Belgians left quickly Belgians left quickly Few educated Africans to take over Few educated Africans to take over

16. Settler colonies (Algeria, Kenya, S. Rhodesia, S. Africa)  Settlers blocked nationalist attempts  Regarded colonies as their homes, refused reforms  Kenya- Jomo Kenyatta Terrorist/guerrilla warfare, British respond w/ military Terrorist/guerrilla warfare, British respond w/ military Eventually negotiate Eventually negotiate One-party rule leads to fairly stable gov’t One-party rule leads to fairly stable gov’t

17.  Algeria (French) Million+ French settlers, and Arabs/Berbers Million+ French settlers, and Arabs/Berbers NLF (National Liberation Front) NLF (National Liberation Front) Revolt, rebels defeated, but leads to negotiate Revolt, rebels defeated, but leads to negotiate Much settler backlash (OAS) – civil war Much settler backlash (OAS) – civil war Independence (1962) – many leave Independence (1962) – many leave  S. Africa White minority kept power (tradition, ”home”, racist supremacy, British guilt led to concessions, internal political control (Afrikaner party) White minority kept power (tradition, ”home”, racist supremacy, British guilt led to concessions, internal political control (Afrikaner party) Apartheid Apartheid

18. Palestine  Religion (Jews, Christians, Muslims)  Reaction to Holocaust  British mandate  Zionist movement  UN partition and creation of Israel  Arab opposition