1. “... artificial intelligence [AI] is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by [humans]” (Minsky, 1963) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (OUR ATTEMPT TO BUILD MODELS OF OURSELF)

2. BRIEF HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 5 th century BC Aristotle invents syllogistic logic, the first formal deductive reasoning system. 16 th century AD Rabbi Loew supposedly invents the Golem, an artificial man made out of clay 17th century Descartes proposes animals are machines and founds a scientific paradigm that will dominate for 250 years. Pascal creates the first mechanical calculator in 1642 18th century Wolfgang von Kempelen “invents” fake chess-playing machine, The Turk

3. 19 th century George Boole creates a binary algebra to represent “laws of thought” Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace develop sophisticated programmable mechanical computers, precursor to modern electronic computers. 20th century Karel Kapek writes “Rossum’s Universal Robots”, coining the English word “robot” Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts lay partial groundwork for neural networks Turing writes “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” – proposal of Turing test

4. HISTORIC ATTEMPTS The original story, published by Mary Shelley, in 1818, describes the attempt of a true scientist, Victor Frankenstein, to create life.

5. PURPOSE OF AI One is to use the power of computers to augment human thinking, just as we use motors to augment human or horse power. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that. The other is to use a computer's artificial intelligence to understand how humans think. In a humanoid way. If you test your programs not merely by what they can accomplish, but how they accomplish it, they you're really doing cognitive science; you're using AI to understand the human mind. - Herb Simon

6. ROBOTICS 1970Shakey (SRI) was driven by a remote- controlled computer, which formulated plans for moving and acting. It took about half an hour to move Shakey one meter The Ant, has 17 sensors. They are designed to work in colonies.

7. HUMAN BRAIN

8. Most scientists would be happy to view the brain as a vast but complex machine. As such it should then be possible to purely replicate the brain using artificial neurons. This has already been done for very simple life forms such as insects which only have a few thousand neurons in their brains. In principle, it would not be necessary to have a full scientific understanding of how the brain works. One would just build a copy of one using artificial materials and see how it

9. LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN MIND Object recognition. People cannot properly explain how they recognise objects. Face recognition. Cannot be passed on to another person by explanation. Naming of colours. Based on learning, not on absolute standards.

10. HOW DO WE BUILD A MACHINE THAT CAN IDENTIFY COLOURS Answer: By building a machine that can learn from human beings.

11. Today: Computer as Artist Two paintings done by Harold Cohen’s Aaron program:

12. DIFFICULTIES COMPUTERS CANNOT YET MODEL The machines used in the National Lottery. The performance of horses in the Grand National The behaviour of a colony of ants. Even a simple natural evolutionary milieau. Bacterial growth in a human organ. Human behaviour. –Criminal tendencies –Stock market movements. –Popularity ratings of politicians, pop stars, etc.

13. THE FUTURE? Idea of Artificial Intelligence is being replaced by Artificial life, or anything with a form or body. The consensus among scientists is that a requirement for life is that it has an embodiment in some physical form, but this will change. Programs may not fit this requirement for life yet.