1. The Macromolecules
Chapter 5

2. Starch, glycogen, cellulose
The Building Blocks
Monomer
Polymer
Type of Linkage
Carbohydrates
glucose
(sugar)
Polysaccharide
(carb)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Glycosidic linkage
Protein
Amino acid
Polypeptide
(protein)
Peptide bond
Lipid
Not a true monomer
Glycerol
Fatty acid
Fat
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Steroids (hormones)
Ester linkage
Nucleic Acid
nucleotides
polynucleotides
Nucleic acid
(DNA)
(RNA)
Hydrogen bonds
Phosphodiester bonds

3. Putting them together…
Condensation synthesis (dehydration rxn) = two molecules come together to form a covalent bond.. and lose a water.
Hydrolysis = break apart two molecules by adding a water molecule.
Enzymes speed up both of these reactions to make them happen faster… ie. digestion.

4. Bagels! Bagels! Bagels! Carbohydrates are made of sugar monomers.
Complex carbs (polysaccharides 300+) = fruits, veggies, plants!
Simple carbs (mono & disaccharides) = pasta, flour, sweet sugar, bagels
Multiple of CH2O: glucose C6H12O6
Serve as fuel (nutrients for cell), storage for energy, and structure for plants.

5. Bagels cont’d Animals store glycogen in the liver.
Carb “bank” depletes in about a day.
No carb diet… good/bad?
Plants store starch (amylose, amylopectin), alpha glucose
Plants use polysaccharide cellulose, beta glucose, for structural support. Enzymes cannot hydrolyze the beta bonds.

6. Check out that fatty… acid!
Many different kinds of fats:
Triacylglycerol - common fat.
Made of glycerol and fatty acid chains
Saturated = all single bonds, solid at room temp
Diet rich in sat-fats and trans fats = atherosclerosis: plaque buildup in blood vessels.
Unsaturated = some double bonds, liquid at room temp
Phospholipids - part of cellular membranes
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

7. Check out that fatty… acid!
Many different kinds of fats:
Steroids: lipids made of carbon rings
Cholesterol – actually a good thing in moderation, contributes to the fluidity of cell membranes during drops in temperature.
Vertebrate sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone) are modified steroids made from cholesterol.

8. Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty acids

9. Hydrophilic
head
WATER
WATER
Hydrophobic
tail

10. Get your weight up! Proteins!
THEY DO EVERYTHING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

11. The highlights… Structure Primary: amino acid sequence.
Secondary: alpha helix, beta pleated sheets.
Tertiary: hydrophobic interactions, H-bonding, Ionic bonding, Disulfide bridges.
Quaternary Structure: subunits fitting together.

13. Secondary Structure
Beta-pleated sheets
Alpha-helix

14. Quaternary
Tertiary

15. FUNCTIONS

16. Denaturation Taking a protein apart… changing it’s shape
Disrupt the hydrogen, ionic bonding using heat or chemicals.
Fever, cooking an egg

17. Denaturation
Renaturation
Denatured protein
Normal protein

18. Nucleic Acids… Store and transmit hereditary info…
DNA (deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose)
Made of nucleotides:
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base (ATCG)
Central Dogma:
DNA  RNA  protein
PUAG & PYTUC!

19. Structure Nucleotides arrange themselves in a double helix.
Hydrogen bonds and peptide bonds called phosphodiester bonds hold the monomers together.
DNA and it’s products (PROTEINS!) provide an evolutionary timeline.