1. Temperature

2. a measure of the average speed at which molecules are moving or vibrating.

3. Temperature scales Freeze Boil Celsius 100 Fahrenheit 32 212 Kelvin
100
Fahrenheit 32
212
Kelvin
273
373

4. Conversions
oF = (1.8 x oC) + 32
oC = 0.56 (oF – 32)
K = oC + 273

5. What Controls temperature?
1. Insolation differences
(latitudinal , seasonal, daily)
2. Proximity to water bodies
(land/water distribution)
3. Elevation
4. Ocean currents
5. Cloud Cover

6. 1. Insolation a. Latitudinal
High latitudes receive less insolation than low latitudes because…
sun’s rays are more oblique
Day length is variable
Net energy surplus in tropics; net energy deficit in polar regions
demonstrate

7. b. Seasonal
Changing angle of sun throughout the year changes temperature on a seasonal basis.

9. c. Daily (diurnally)
Changing angle of sun throughout the day changes temperature on a daily basis.

10. Diurnal temperature pattern
Temperature increases as long as net all wave incoming exceeds net all wave outgoing.
Min: end of deficit
Max: end of surplus

11. 2. Proximity to water bodies
Water bodies have a moderating effect on temperature.
Maritime locations (coastal, island) have smaller daily and annual ranges in temp than continental locations
demonstration

13. Small effect from Lake Superior on Duluth temperatures
Warmer winters, cooler summers near lake vs inland
Top of the hill vs. harbor
Harbor warmer in fall; cooler in spring
Extreme example (May 2009)

14. 3. Elevation Temperature decreases as elevation increases.
less mass, less pressure, less absorption

16. Factors affecting the air temperature of a place:
Review:
Factors affecting the air temperature of a place:
Insolation differences at various latitudes, during seasons, during the course of a day
Proximity to big water bodies
Elevation
Ocean currents
Cloud cover

17. 5. Cloud Cover Exert influence on shortwave and longwave exchanges:
Very efficient absorbers and emitters of longwave
Reduce incoming shortwave
High albedo

18. Net Result: Dampen diurnal temp range
Cloudy: uniform temps, small diurnal range
Clear: daytime high insolation and nighttime loss of longwave; large diurnal range
About cloud measurement

19. Temperature and Human Comfort
Comfort range: air temperature °F
Outside comfort range, body will:
Perspire
Shiver
Restrict/increase flow of blood to skin

20. Hypothermia: Core drops below 95°F
Humans are homeothermic Body regulates core temperature to within 3.6°F of 98.6° ( )
Hypothermia: Core drops below 95°F
Violent shaking
Lethargy
Impaired speech
Blurred vision
Clumsy

21. Cardio-respiratory Response Level of Consciousness
Degree of Hypothermia
Signs and Symptoms
Cardio-respiratory Response
Level of Consciousness
95 F - Mild
Shivering Foot Stomping
Normal
Withdrawn
90 F - Mild
Loss of Coordination
Normal to Impaired
Confused
85 F - Moderate
Lethargy
Slow Pulse
Sleepy
80 F - Severe
Coma
Weak Pulse Slow Respirations
Irrational if Conscious
78 F - Severe
Apparent Death
V-Fib/Cardiac Arrest
Unconscious

22. Alcohol adds to danger
“Alcohol ingestion increases the risk of acquiring or aggravating hypothermia by causing cutaneous vasodilation (which prevents vasoconstriction), impairment of the shivering mechanism, hypothalamic dysfunction, and a decrease in awareness of environmental conditions”.
Part of brain responsible for metabolic functions

23. treatment Call 911 Get victim to warm place; otherwise don’t move them
Remove wet clothing; replace with dry but minimize movement of person
Warm core first before extremities
Skin-to-skin contact in blanket or sleeping bag
Do NOT RUB SKIN
If victim can eat, give sweet food or drink (no alcohol or caffeine)
Don’t elevate legs
Legs are holding cold blood that would return to heart if legs are elevated
Don’t give CPR unless not breathing or no pulse
Victim may appear dead but can be resuscitated

24. Frostnip vs. frostbite Frostnip is mild form of frostbite
About 4,800 cases of frostbite occur in the United States each year.
Frostnip is mild form of frostbite
skin looks pale and feels cold, numb and stiff
Yellowish or white
underlying tissues remain warm and flexible
uncomfortable but doesn’t lead to blisters, scarring or permanent damage
minor but could lead to frostbite

25. Third degree frostbite
Second degree frostbite
Tissue freezes
Skin turns white, blue, black or mottled
tissues beneath the skin feel hard and frozen.
Deep tissue damage to blood vessels, nerves, tendons, muscle
May require amputation
white or blue skin; feels hard and frozen.
blisters after rewarming

26. Water immersion
Can lead to hypothermia much more rapidly than simple cold temperatures
Because water is a better conductor of heat than air
Ice safety

27. Wind chill Indoors: Outdoors: Body loses heat by Net radiation (60%)
Evaporation from lungs, skin (25%)
Outdoors:
Radiation
Evaporation
AND convection

28. Wind chill equivalent temperature (W.E.T.)
Temperature in still air that would correspond to the cooling generated by the combination of temperature and wind
Body loses heat at a rate equivalent to conditions induced by calm winds at W.E.T.

31. Hyperthermia Core goes above 102ºF Collapse Cramps Unconscious
Stop sweating
Headache, nausea, fatigue

32. treatment Cool place Liquids (not alcohol or caffeine)
Shower, bathe, sponge off with cool water
rest

33. Heat Stroke life threatening! Temp > 104ºF
confusion, combativeness, bizarre behavior
faintness, staggering
strong rapid pulse
dry flushed skin, lack of sweating
possible delirium or coma

34. Heat Index
Gauges combined effects of temperature and humidity; advise danger of heat stress
Comfort depends on ability to lose heat through evaporation
Need vapor pressure gradient between skin and air
Evaporative cooling decrease as humidity increases
Index: gives apparent temperature
Temperature in dry air that would cause same level of discomfort

37. Temperature inversion

38. Annual March of the Seasons
What is range of SSP?