1. Taxonomy Unit General Biology Meyersdale High School Mr. T. Miller

2. What is Taxonomy? A: Taxonomy is the study of classification (in this case living things).

3. Aristotle Developed the first widely used system of taxonomy His system had only two kingdoms (groups), plants and animals. Eventually, it became clear, that his system needed up-grading.

4. Carolus Linnaeus Born Carl von Linne in Sweden Lived from 1707 to 1778 He recognized that changes needed to be made to our system of taxonomy. He made many innovative changes and they are still used today.

5. Too Few Kingdoms As time went by, it became clear that not all organism fit neatly in to Aristotle’s two kingdoms. Linnaeus proposed 5 kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera

6. More Levels Aristotle simply put organisms into kingdoms and left it at that. Linnaeus thought that there should be more levels to use so that similarities and differences between organism could be compared. His system had 7 levels: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. Some scientists now add a larger group known as a Domain.

7. The Language Issue People wanted a universal name for organisms. Think mountain lion, or cougar, or… He also developed a binomial nomenclature (2 part naming system) The name consists of the genus and species name Ex: Homo sapiens He used the Latin language and even Latinized his own name (Carolus Linnaeus).

8. Kingdom Monera -All members are prokaryotic. -Bacteria are the only examples (however there are many species). -All members are also unicellular. -Some are harmful, some are helpful.

9. Kingdom Protista All members are eukaryotic. Protozoans and algae are examples. Protozoans are unicellular and heterotrophic. Algae are unicellular (*mostly*) and autotrophic. Euglena are both.

10. Kingdom Fungi All members are eukaryotic. All members are heterotrophic. All have a cell wall with chitin. Some are unicellular, some are multicellular. Examples are mushrooms, mold, mildew and yeast.

11. Kingdom Plantae All members are eukaryotic. All are autotrophic & have chlorophyll. All have cell walls with cellulose. All are multicellular.

12. Kingdom Animalia All members are eukaryotic. All are heterotrophic. All are multicellular. All lack a cell wall.

13. New Ideas Recently, it was discovered that Monera contains far more diversity than originally thought. In response, taxonomists developed a new, larger level of taxonomy called the Domain.

14. Domain Eukaryota This domain contains all eukaryotic organisms.

15. Domain Bacteria This domain contains normal prokaryotic organisms.

16. Domain Archaea This domain contains bacteria that live in extreme conditions. Thermoacidophiles live in very hot, very acidic environments. Halophiles live in very salty conditions.

17. Viruses Viruses do not grow, so therefore, are not considered living. They are called a biological particle. They can only infect certain cells. Ex: the tobacco mosaic virus can not make you sick.

18. Virus Crossword Open the attached file and complete for virus vocabulary terms. Virus Crossword.pdf

19. Lytic Cycle This is the life cycle of a virus that infects a cell and causes disease immediately. 1.Adsorption – the virus attaches to the host cell at the receptor site. 2.Entry – the virus inserts its DNA or RNA into the host cell. 3.Replication – the virus takes over the host cell and makes the cell make new virus parts.

20. Lytic Cycle Continued 4. Assembly – the new virus parts are put together, making new, active viruses 5. Lysis – the host cell breaks open and the new viruses are released.

21. The Lysogenic Cycle The lysogenic cycle is the same as the lytic cycle with one exception. There is a pause between entry and replication. This can sometimes last for years, as in HIV. Many times this happens with retroviruses.