1. Alex’s Dictionary of: Civics and Economics Alexandria G.

2. Goal 1 Foundations of the United States Political System

3. Jamestown: Jamestown was the first successful English colony in 1607 Virginia, Today it is now North Carolina. Jamestown was also known as a Joint-Stock Colony which was founded by the Virginia Company who hoped to make a profit off of the raw materials the land of Jamestown could provide.

4. Puritans: The Puritans wished to create a colony based mainly on “pure biblical teachings”. Religious Dissent was a common thing in England besides wealth. For the people who did not agree with the main religion of England, America was a good place to escape. The first puritans to come to America were called Pilgrims and landed in Plymouth Massachusetts in 1620.

5. Plantation System: In the South, many relied on the crops the land provided. The huge spreads of land were owned by wealthy men, this led to the Plantation System. Because the land was so vast and required a lot of work, slavery and indentured servants became vital in the south for landowners. Indentured Servants were citizens who could not afford to live on their own in America and agreed to provide work for landowners. This system soon led to Slavery which became extremely popular in the south of the 1600’s

6. Middle Passage: The route which ships took to deliver slaves from Africa to South America was known as the Middle Passage. The reason for being called the middle passage is because the ships passed through the Triangular Trade Route which included England, Africa, and America.

7. Bacons Rebellion: In the Northern Colonies, people could find merchants and farmers. In the south it was divided between the rich, the poor, and slaves. In 1676 the differing systems resulted in Bacons Rebellion. Nathaniel Bacon brought together a small army to fight against the Native Americans on the Virginia Frontier. When colony’s governor denied Bacons idea, Bacon turned the army to Jamestown.

8. Colonial Woman: Most colonial woman were granted greater freedom than the woman in England, however they were still thought of as second class citizens. Under law, they were said to be under the husbands authority.

9. Salem Witch Trials: In Massachusetts Bay Colony, every male settler had to meet and support the puritan church, any who disagreed were banished from the colony. In 1692 The Salem Witch Trials were performed in order to protect the puritan faith. A few young girls in Salem Massachusetts claimed that many citizens of the colony were witches. The result for the accused was death.

10. Democracy: Thousands of years before the British Empire was developed, the Greeks had derived a government of based on Democracy. In this form of government the people were given a voice and a chance to influence the rules and changes with votes.

11. Limited Government: Before the end of the middle ages, England had begun to start Limited Government. In this type of Government, the citizens must obey the set of laws that were usually given by the king on a written document.

12. Magna Carta: In 1215 England, nobles required King John I to sign a document that included government laws that would be forced onto citizens. This was known as the Magna Carta. The document also provided the English nobles some legal rights prevented King John from making action without the consent of the council. The idea of council eventually gave birth to British Parliament.

13. English Bill of Rights: Soon in 1689 parliament gained power from the English Bill of Rights, under this the monarch could not get involved with the parliament elections nor could the force taxes without consent.

14. Thomas Hobbes: Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was a philosopher that wrote about all people born are entitled to certain rights, and the greatest one was being able to protect ones own life. Thomas Hobbes also believed in a strong government that could help maintain order among the people.

15. John Locke: John Locke (1632-1704) built his ideals and writings off of Thomas Hobbes. Locke challenged the government with his views that the monarchy should not completely rule the people and the citizens should not simply obey. Locke also believe that all people were born with “Natural Rights” and that no government should take them away.

16. Three-Fifths Compromise: Northern States felt that Blacks should not be counted as part of the population while Southern states felt that they should. The Three-fifths Compromise was established and would count blacks as 3/5 of a person. For every 5 slaves, 3 would be counted for the states population. The debate about the slaves later led to the Slave Trade Compromise where Northerners allowed it to continue for 20 years.

17. Separation of Powers: Separation of Powers was born in an attempt to prevent any one leader from becoming too powerful. Therefore, the government was divided into three separate branches, legislative, executive, and Judicial. To make sure that these 3 new branches of governments didn’t gain to much power themselves, the system of Checks and Balances was derived.

18. Goal 3 State and Local Governments under the North Carolina Constitution

19. Terms: -Constitutional Convention -Civil Rights -Referendum -Fifteenth Amendment -Popular Sovereignty -Nineteenth Amendment -Incorporated -Council of State -State V. Mann -Leandro Case

20. Constitutional Convention: This is a special convention called the Constitutional Convention was designated to task of revising or amending the constitution. A proposition is presented to the states qualified voters if 2/3 of each houses of the General Assembly agree. The public then votes for or against having a convention.

21. Referendum: When majority of the public votes in favor for the changes to the constitution, there vote is called a Referendum.

22. Popular Sovereignty: The North Carolina constitution establishes a government supported upon Popular Sovereignty, which works to serve the preference of the people. North Carolina also established a Limited Government so that even public officials are subjected to the law the state has put forth.

23. Incorporated: A difference in the U.S Constitution and the N.C Constitution is how the changes are made to each one. For the U.S Constitution, the changes are added at the end of each amendment. For the N.C Constitution, the changes are incorporated within the document, meaning modifications are put among the original.

24. Council Of State: The Council of State includes several different elected department officials, including the, Lieutenant Governor which is the states second highest executive officer.

25. State V. Mann (1830): The case State V. Mann was started when in the year 1829 the a slave owner by the name of John Mann was prosecuted and convicted of battery for shooting a female slave that he had leased from another owner. John Mann appealed the case arguing that there was no limit on the way a master could treat his slave. The N.C Supreme Court ruled in Mann’s favor.

26. Leandro Case (1997): In the year 1997 the Leandro Case was when School Boards from low income areas sued the state, arguing that the state did not carry out their constitutional obligation to provide a valued education. The N.C Supreme Court ruled in favor of the School Boards.

27. Civil Rights: Civil Rights were the rights guaranteed to each citizen in the U.S Constitution without due process of law; these rights can not be denied by any person by the state.

28. Fifteenth Amendment: The Fifteenth Amendment ensures the citizens rights to vote, regardless of race or color. This amendment was ratified in 1870 and granted freed slaves the right to also vote.

29. Nineteenth Amendment: Thought the Fifteenth Amendment granted all races and all colors the right to vote, it did not provide woman with this privilege. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment stated that the right to vote would not be denied based on sex.

30. Goal 4 Active Citizenship

31. Terms: -Political Parties-Platform -Multi-Party System-National Convention -Two-Party System-Political Machines -One-Party System-Recall Election -Democrats-Electoral College -Republicans-PACS -Moderates-Propoganda -Third Parties

32. Political Parties: Groups that support certain political beliefs are called Political Parties. Political Parties also promote candidates, which are the particular person that runs for political office under that political parties name.

33. Multi-Party System: Most of the worlds Democracies function on a Multi-Party System. In this particular system there are multiple political parties that hold government seats. Some multi-party systems include the Netherlands and Israel.

34. Two-Party System: When two primary parties dominate the entire nations politics, this is called a Two-Party System. The United States runs on a two-party system.

35. One-Party System: When only one party is allowed the right to operate the country and citizens free speech is limited is called a One-Party System. An example of this form of government is Chinas Communist Party.

36. Democrats: In the United States, one of the two major political parties that affect the nation is Democrats. Democrats tend to be labeled as more Liberal, meaning that they tend to be in favor for a more active government. Democrats push for the government to provide programs like welfare, job assistance, and health needs.

37. Republicans: The other major political party in the United States is the Republicans. Republicans are usually seen as more Conservative, meaning they believe that less government is better. Republicans believe the only role of the government is to provide law and order and protect the citizens rights.

38. Moderates: For those people whose beliefs fall in between liberals and conservatives, they are called Moderates.

39. Third Parties: In some cases, parties other than the Democrats and Republicans can play a role in politics, these are called Third Parties. Also, those not associated with a party are called Independents and also impact politics.

40. Platform: A political parties statements of the programs and policies they will enact once the candidate is elected to office is called their Platform. The candidates platform is consist of many Planks, which refers to the individual issues that make up the platform.

41. National Convention: The meeting of representatives from each state to choose candidates for president and vice president is called a National Convention. The representatives from each state are called Delegates and the process of choosing the a candidate is called Nomination.

42. Political Machines: Located at the state and local levels, party organizations that choose party candidates and influence the outcome of elections are called Political Machines. Political Machines still play an active role in certain areas today.

43. Recall Elections: An election called to decide if voters would like to remove a sitting official from office before their term is up is called Recall Elections.

44. Electoral College: Dealing with presidential elections, the winner may not only be chosen by the people and their votes, but by the electors of the Electoral College. The sole purpose of the Electoral College is to elect the president for every four years. If no majority vote can be made in the Electoral College, the decision goes to the House of Representatives.

45. PACS: Campaigns are greatly supported by Political Action Committees, PACS. These groups main focus is to ensure that the candidates they think will support their most important issues gets elected into office. The primary support that comes from PACS is a large contribution of money. PACS are also known as Private Resources, which help fund campaigns.

46. Propaganda: To help gain votes, campaigns produce a great deal or Propaganda, which is information to try and influence voters to support a particular candidate over another. There are many forms of Propaganda, including stacking cards, just plain folk, name calling, glittering generalities, positive campaigning, and negative campaigning.

47. Goal 5 Conflict in the United States’ Political and Judicial Systems

48. Terms: -Conflict Resolution-Arrest Warrant -Debate-Search Warrant -Negotiation-Grand Jury -Compromise -Bailiffs -US Supreme Court-Verdict -Misdemeanors -Voting -Felonies-Petition -Electronic Media

49. Conflict Resolution: Heavy disagreements tend to rise a lot within US politics and the Judicial system. Therefore it is important to have Conflict Resolution. Conflict Resolution is when you end a conflict in an acceptable manner to both sides.

50. Debate: A form of conflict resolution is called a Debate. In a debate, both opposing sides present their arguments in hopes to persuade others to agree with them

51. Negotiation: Another form for conflict resolution is Negotiation. In this process two opponents come together to discuss how they might reach a way to come to an acceptable conclusion.

52. Compromise: The third way to work out a conflict resolution is by a Compromise. During this the two sides discuss what they are each willing to give up in order to reach a better outcome.

53. US Supreme Court: The highest court in the entire country is known as the US Supreme Court. This court has Appellate Jurisdiction over all lower courts as well as Original Jurisdiction. The US Supreme Court consist of 9 Justices and has the power to declare acts of Congress Unconstitutional.

54. Misdemeanors: Within the Criminal Judicial process, the commission of a crime has to begin. Less serious crimes that usually result in fines, probation, or less than a year in jail are known as Misdemeanors.

55. Felonies: More serious crimes that can include things like murder, rape, drug trafficking, etc, are punishable for longer periods of time and can also lead to execution. These are called Felonies.

56. Arrest Warrant: Mainly applying to misdemeanor cases, law enforcement must first obtain a legal document called an arrest warrant to arrest a suspect. Usually for felonies Arrest Warrants are not needed.

57. Search Warrant: For law enforcement to search a persons house or belongings they must obtain a Search Warrant. Usually they can only obtain one with Probable Cause, which is adequate evidence that a person committed the crime.

58. Bailiffs: During trails, a type of law enforcement must be present during the trials to ensure order is maintained, help the judge, and look after the jury, these are called Bailiffs’.