1. 1 The Growth of Democracy Chapter 12

2. 2 Expansion & the Limits of Suffrage Before 1800 only white, male, property owners could vote in most states Political power was concentrated in hands of a few By 1820, most states dropped property qualifications By 1840, 90% of adult white males could vote Women & African-Americans still barred from voting Most liberal voting policy in the world

3. 3 Election of 1824 End of Era of Good Feelings Four candidates Andrew Jackson – gets most popular votes John Quincy Adams – winner in House of Reps. Henry Clay – becomes Adams’ Secretary of State William Crawford– not a factor Corrupt Bargain??

4. 4 The New Popular Democratic Culture New state organizations of political parties Party loyalty was stressed Mass campaigning Print media got information to more people Politics became part of everyday life Rise of sectional politicians Daniel Webster – New England Henry Clay – West John Calhoun - South

5. 5 The Election of 1828 J.Q. Adams vs. Andrew Jackson Jackson wins easily – John Calhoun is V.P. King Andrew King Mob – Inauguration Party Coalition of North, South and West “Common Man”

6. 6 Jackson Background Orphaned by age 14 – spotty education Slashed by British soldier in Revolution when he refused to polish the soldier’s boots Both brothers and his mother died in Revolution – mom was nursing soldiers Country lawyer, merchant, planter – owned slaves Marriage controversy 13 duels – one man killed – let the other guy shoot first and Jackson was hit in the ribs but returned fire

7. 7 A Popular Figure Indian Fighter Hero of the Battle of New Orleans Actions in Seminole War helped gain Florida

8. 8 Jacksonian Democracy For the “common man” Spoils System – give government jobs to friends and loyal supporters Peggy Eaton Affair – Wife of Sec. of War

9. 9 A Strong Executive Kitchen Cabinet – ignored Cabinet in favor of friends Veto – more than all other presidents before him combined

10. 10 Transportation Revolution Between 1800 and 1840 Private investment - Turnpikes States provided funding for roads, canals, railroads National Road – only federally funded road Maryland to Illinois

11. 11 Canals & Steamboats Erie Canal – connected Hudson River with the Great Lakes Farmers in the West were linked to the national market Facilitated movement West into Louisiana Territory Steamboats allowed upstream travel Robert Fulton – first in U.S.

12. 12 Railroads Made wealthy investors even more money B&O Railroad – Baltimore & Ohio Battle of gauge resolved by 1850 Standard gauge vs. narrow gauge

13. 13 The Legal Infrastructure Interstate Commerce Supreme Court cases Gibbons v. Ogden – Congress has right to regulate interstate trade Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge – no monopoly - state could grant more than one charter

14. 14 Commercial Agriculture in the Old Northwest Farmers could now ship to previously unreachable markets Farmers specialize – different regions grew different crops However, farmers became dependent on distant markets and credit Innovations John Deere – steel plow Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper

15. 15 Effects of the Transportation Revolution National pride & identity – no longer contained in the East Risk-taking mentality – spurs innovation and invention Greater mobility

16. 16 Nullification Crisis Tariff of 1828 – Tariff of Abominations – Farmers South argues it’s unconstitutional – enriches North at the expense of the South Nullification – VA & KY Resolves, SC threatens to secede – Calhoun resigns Force Act – Congress gives Jackson right to collect tariff by force if necessary HENRY CLAY – GREAT COMPROMISER

17. 17 Indian Removal Indian Removal Act – all Indians must move west of the Mississippi River Cherokee resistance Cherokee v. Georgia, Worcester v. Georgia Trail of Tears 4,000 of 18,000 die along the way

18. 18 Bank War Nicholas Biddle Efforts to renew charter of Second Bank of U.S. Renew early & Jackson vetoes – tool of the privileged elite Backfires on Biddle & Bank supporters Jackson withdraws federal money and puts it in state banks “pet banks”

19. 19 Election of 1836 Whigs – former Federalists, evangelical reform churches, favor government intervention in economic and social affairs, commercial agriculture and industrialists Democrat – Martin Van Buren – wins Small farmers Urban workers Oppose rapid industrialization, factory work and commercial agriculture

20. 20 Panic of 1837 Specie Circular Issued by Jackson but Van Buren has to deal with the fallout Western land was being paid for in paper money not backed up by specie – bad banking policy  Speculators not actual settlers Western lands must be paid for in “hard” money Caused inflation – devalued paper money

21. 21 Campaign of 1840 William Henry Harrison vs. Martin Van Buren Whigs outdo Democrats Portray Harrison as Indian fighter “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” Cider given out at rallies Lived in “log cabin” – not really but idea was out there

22. 22 Whig Victory Turns to Loss: The Tyler Presidency Harrison dies a month after the inauguration Tyler – a former Democrat – behaved more like a Democrat Vetoed bills calling for a new Bank of the U.S., tariffs, and internal improvements

23. 23 Popular Culture & Spread of Written Word James Fenimore Cooper – Last of the Mohicans, Leatherstocking Tales Ralph Waldo Emerson – Beginning of Utopian thought - Transcendentalism Washington Irving – Legend of Sleepy Hollow

24. 24 Creating a National American Culture Steam powered presses Telegraph – communications revolution

25. 25 Artists & Builders Albert Bierstedt George Caleb Bingham Themes of American landscapes & lifestyles Balloon frame construction – faster home building Public buildings - Neoclassical