1. Chapters 9 and 10 Modals

2. Modal auxillaries generally express a speaker’s attitude – something that is advisable, necessary, possible – as well as the strength of that attitude. Basic Modals: – can – Could – May – Might must – Should – Ought to – Have to/have got to – Had better – Shall – Will – Would Basic Modal Introduction

3. Modals do not take a final –s, even when the subject is third person: – She can do it. – NOT: She cans do it. Modals are followed immediately by the simple form of a verb: – She can do it. – NOT: She can to do it. – EXCEPT FOR ought to: He ought to go to the meeting. Basic Modal Introduction

4. Phrasal modals are common expressions whose meanings are similar to those of basic modals. – Be able to = can – Be going to = will An infinitive (to + verb) is used with these phrasal modals: – Be Able To (He is able to do his homework.) – Be Going To (His is going to do his homework.) – Be Supposed To (He is supposed to do his homework.) – Have to (He has to do his homework.) – Have Got To (He has got to do his homework.) Basic Modal Introduction

5. Complete Exercise 1 – p. 157 Practice

6. MAY I and COULD I are used to request permission in polite (formal) situations: – May I borrow your pen? – Could I borrow your pen? CAN I is used in informal situations (friends, close family, someone you know well): – Can I borrow your pen? Polite Requests: “I” as Subject

7. WOULD YOU, WILL YOU, and COULD YOU can be used for polite requests (formal): – Would you pass the salt? – Will you pass the salt? – Could you pass the salt? CAN YOU is used in informal situations (friends, close family, someone you know well): – Can you pass the salt? NOTE: MAY is only used with I or WE in polite requests: – May I go outside? – NOT: May you got outside? Polite Requests: “You” as Subject

8. Complete Exercise 3 – p. 159 – Write out a request for each situation Practice

9. Asking permission: – Would you mind is followed by the simple past: Would you mind if I closed the window? Would you mind if I used the phone? – How would you respond? Asking someone to do something: – Would you mind is followed by the –ing (progressive) form of the verb: Would you mind closing the window? Excuse me. Would you mind repeating that? – How would you respond? Polite Requests: Would You Mind

10. Complete Exercises 5, 6, and 7 – p. 160-161 Complete Exercise 11 – p. 163 Practice

11. MUST and HAVE TO both express necessity: – All applicants must take an entrance exam. – All applicants have to take an entrance exam. MUST is usually stronger that HAVE TO and can indicate urgency or importance: – Where’s Sue? I have to talk to her about our lunch date tomorrow. I need to change the time. – Where’s Sue? I must talk to her now. I have an urgent message for her. Her father just had an accident and is in the hospital. Expressing Necessity

12. HAVE GOT TO also expresses necessity. It is informal and usually used when speaking (not in writing): – I have got to go now. I have a class in 5 minutes! HAD expresses past necessity: – I have got to go now = I had to go at that time – I have to go now = I had to go at that time – I must study tonight = I had to study last night Expressing Necessity

13. Complete exercise 13, p. 164 – write one sentence in response to each question. Practice

14. When used in the negative, MUST and HAVE TO have different meanings. – DO NOT HAVE TO = lack of necessity (no need to do action) Tomorrow is a holiday. We do not have to go to class. I can hear you. You don’t have to yell. – MUST NOT = prohibition (do not do this!) – VERY STRONG You must not use your phone during the test. You must not drop a class if you have an F1 visa. – Because MUST NOT is very strong, people often used negative imperatives or other modals to express less strong prohibition: Don’t tell anyone my secret! You can’t tell anyone my secret! Lack of Necessity and Prohibition

15. Complete Exercises 15 and 16 – p. 165-166 Practice

16. SHOULD and OUGHT TO express advisability: suggestion/statement about responsibility: Suggestion: – You should study harder. – You ought to study harder. Statement of Responsibility: – Drivers should obey the speed limit. – Drivers ought to obey the speed limit. Advisability: Should, Ought to, Had Better

17. Both SHOULD and OUGHT TO can be used in negative forms, but SHOULD is much more common – You should not open the door – You ought not (to) open the door. The negative contraction oughtn’t is almost never used. – You oughtn’t open the door. Advisability: Should, Ought To, Had Better

18. HAD BETTER had the same general meaning as SHOULD and OUGHT TO, but is typically stronger = a threat or warning of bad consequences: HAD BETTER: – Has a present or future meaning – Is followed by the simple form of a verb – Is more common than speaking than writing (but is not informal) – The gas tank we almost empty. We had better stop at the next gas station. – You’d better take care of that cut on your hand or it will get infected. Advisability: Should, Ought To, Had Better

19. HAD BETTER – Negative: – Had better not You had better not be late. You had better not fail your test! – In speaking, the HAD is sometimes dropped You better not be late. You better not fail your test! Advisability: Should, Ought To, Had Better

20. Complete Exercise 19 – p. 167 Complete Exercise 22 – p. 168 Complete Exercise 23 – p. 169 Practice

21. Past form of should = should have + past participle Negative = should not have + past participle I had a test in the morning. I didn’t do well on the test because I didn’t study last night. I should have studied last night. – Studying was a good idea, but I didn’t do it = I made a mistake You were supposed to be home at 10:00 p.m., but you didn’t get home until midnight, and you didn’t call. We were worried about you. You should have called us. My back hurts. I should not have carried that heavy box up two flights of stairs. We went to a movie, but it was a waste of time and money. We should not have gone to the movie. Past form of SHOULD

22. Complete Exercise 27 – Write one sentence for each situation Complete Exercise 28 – Discuss with a partner Complete Exercise 29 – Write 3 sentences for each situation Practice

23. BE SUPPOSED TO expresses that someone (I, we, the teacher, lots of people, etc.) expects something to happen: – The committee is supposed to vote secretly. It often expresses expectations about scheduled events: – The game is supposed to begin at 10:00. It can also express expectations about behavior: – I am supposed to go to the meeting. – The children are supposed to put away their toys before bed. Note: in the two sentences above, someone else expects (requests or requires) a certain behavior, NOT THE SUBJECT. Obligation: Be Supposed To

24. BE SUPPOSED TO in the past (was/were supposed to) expresses unfulfilled expectations (something that should have happened but did not): – Jack was supposed to call me last night. I wonder why he didn’t? In other words, I expected Jack to call, but he didn’t. Obligation: Be Supposed To

25. Complete Exercise 31 – Write 1 to 2 sentences in response to each situation Complete Exercise 32 Practice

26. AM/IS/ARE GOING TO is used to talk about intentions for future activities (future tense): – I’m going to go to the concert tomorrow. WAS/WERE GOING TO expresses past intentions, usually unfulfilled: – Jack was going to go to the movie last night, but he changed his mind. Unfulfilled Intentions: Was/Were Going To

27. Other ways to express unfulfilled intentions are to use plan, hope, intend, or think about in the past progressive or past perfect: – I was planning to go but I didn’t. OR I had planned to go, but I didn’t. – I was hoping to go, but I didn’t. OR I had hoped to go, but I didn’t. – I was intending to go, but I didn’t. OR I had intended to go, but I didn’t. – I was thinking about going, but I didn’t. OR I had thought about going, but I didn’t. Unfulfilled Intentions

28. Complete Exercise 37 – Use your own ideas! Practice

29. Let’s (let us) + simple verb = I have a suggestion for us. – Let’s go to a movie. – Let’s not go to a movie. Let’s stay home instead. Why don’t is used in spoken English to make a friendly suggestion: – Why don’t we go to a movie? = Let’s go to a movie. – Why don’t you come around 7:00? = I suggest you come around 7:00 – Why don’t I give Mary a call? = Should I give Mary a call? Do you agree with this idea? Making Suggestions: Let’s, Why don’t we, Shall

30. Shall + I/We in a question = making a suggestion and asking another person if he/she agrees with the suggestion (VERY FORMAL): – Shall I open the window? (Is it okay if I open the window?) – Shall we leave at two? (Is it okay if we leave at two? Shall we (formal) or okay (informal) are sometimes used as tag questions after let’s: – Let’s go, shall we? – Let’s go, okay? Making Suggestions: Let’s, Why don’t we, Shall

31. Complete Exercise 39, p. 177 Practice

32. COULD can be used to make suggestions: – What should we do tomorrow? – We could go on a picnic. (Let’s go on a picnic.) Should gives definite advice and is stronger than could: – I’m having trouble in math class. – You should talk to your teacher. It is very important for you to talk to your teacher. – You could talk to your teacher This is one possible solution for your problem Making Suggestions: Could vs. Should

33. Should have (past) gives hindsight (looking back after it happened) advice: – I failed my math class. – You should have talked to your teacher. It was important for you to talk to your teacher = you made a mistake Could have offers hindsight possibilities: – I failed my math class. – You could have talked to your teacher. One past possibility was to talk to your teacher (implies that this is one out of many possibilities) Making Suggestions: Could vs. Should

34. Look at exercise 41. – How are the suggestions of B and C different? – Complete Chapter 9 Review Packet. Practice

35. Degree of certainty refers to how sure we are that something is true. Why isn’t John in class? – 100%John is sick (no modal needed if 100% sure) – 95%John must be sick(strong certainty, but not 100%) – 50% or lessJohn may/might/could be sick (weak certainty) Degrees of Certainty

36. Complete Exercise 2 Practice

37. 100%Sam is not hungry. – (again, no modal) 99%Sam couldn’t/can’t be hungry. I just saw him eat a whole pizza and two pieces of cake! – (Speaker strongly believes it is impossible, but can’t be 100% sure) 95%Sam must not be hungry. He didn’t eat his dinner. – (Speaker is expressing a logical conclusion, but is not 100% sure) 50% or lessSam may/might not be hungry. He might have eaten dinner at school. – (Speaker is mentioning a possibility) Degree of Certainty: Present Negative

38. Complete Exercise 6 – p. 183 (as class) Complete Exercise 7 – Fill in sentences with you own ideas. Practice

39. Affirmative: 100%She ate lunch. 95%She must have eaten lunch. – (logical conclusion) 50% or lessShe may/might/could have eaten lunch. – (mentioning one of many possibilities) Degrees of Certainty: Past Time

40. Negative: 100%She didn’t eat lunch 99%She couldn’t/can’t have eaten lunch – (believes it is impossible) 95%She must not have eaten lunch – (logical conclusion) 50% or lessShe may/might not have eaten lunch – (mentioning one possibility of many) Degrees of Certainty: Past Time

41. The past form of should or ought to is used to mean that the speaker expected something that did not occur: I wonder why Sue hadn’t written to us. She should have written to us last week. OR She ought to have written to us last week. Degrees of Certainty: Future Time

42. Complete Exercise 18, p. 189 (as class) Complete Exercises 19 and 20 Practice

43. Present progressive = modal + be + -ing – Let’s just knock on the door lightly. Tom may be sleeping. – All of the lights in Ann’s room are turned off. She must be sleeping. Past progressive = modal + have been + -ing – Sue wasn’t at home last night when we went to visit her. She might have been studying at the university. – Joe wasn’t home last night. He has a lot of exams coming up. He must have been studying at the library. Progressive Forms of Modals

44. Complete Exercises 24, 25, and 26, starting on p. 193 Complete Exercise 29, p. 197 Practice

45. Can is used to express physical ability; frequently with sense verbs (see, hear, feel, smell, taste, etc.): – Tom is strong. He can lift that heavy box. – I can see Central Park from my window. Can is used to express an acquired skill (something learned): – Marla can play the piano. She’s been taking lessons for years. – Joe is a software engineer. He can fix your computer. Can is also used to express possibility: – You can buy a hammer at the hardware store. – You can get your car tag renewed at H-E-B. Ability: Can/Could

46. Can is used to give permission in informal situations (remember: may is better to use in requests and answers): – I’m not quite ready to go, but you can (may) leave if you’re in a hurry. – When you finish the test, you can (may) leave. Negative: cannot or can’t: – Dogs can bark, but they cannot (can’t) talk. – You can’t deposit your check at that bank. It’s closed. – (Note: cannot/can’t generally means it is IMPOSSIBLE for the action in the verb to happen NOT that it is not advisable) The past form of can (ability) is could (could not/couldn’t): – Tome could lift the box, but I couldn’t (could not) lift it. Ability: Can/Could

47. Complete Exercise 31, p. 199 (listening) Complete Exercise 32 – Write 1 to 2 sentences for each Practice

48. Would/used to can be used to express action repeated regularly in the past: – When I was a child, my father would read me a story at night before bedtime. – When I was a child, my father used to read me a story at night before bedtime. Used to can also be used to express a situation that existed in the past: – I used to live in California. – He used to be a boy scout. – They used to have a Ford. When describing a situation that existed in the past, would may not be used. Would to express repeated past activity

49. Complete Exercise 35 Practice

50. Would rather….than… expresses comparison preference: – I would rather go to a movie than study grammar. The simple form follows both would rather and than. If the verb is the same, it usually is not repeated after than: – I’d rather study history than biology. Negative = would rather + not + simple verb – Expresses lack of desire NOT comparison (no than): I’d rather not work outside today. I’d rather not do my homework as soon as I get home. Preference: Would Rather…..Than….

51. Past = would rather have + past participle – The movie last night was good, but I would rather have gone to the concert. Progressive = would rather be + -ing – I’d rather be lying on a beach in Florida that (be) sitting in class right now. Preference: Would Rather

52. Complete Exercise 37, p. 202 Complete Exercise 38 – Write a response Practice

53. A modal cannot be immediately followed by another modal: – Janet will can help you tomorrow. A modal can be followed by be able to and have to : – Janet may be able to help you tomorrow. – You may have to pick her up at her house. It is sometimes possible for one phrasal modal to follow another phrasal modal: – Tom isn’t going to be able to help you tomorrow. Be Going To is followed by Be Able To – This form is more common in negatives and questions Combining Modals with Phrasal Modals

54. Complete Exercises 40 and 41, p. 203 Practice

55. Review Chart on p. 204-205 Complete Exercise 43, p. 207 Complete Exercise 45, p. 208 Complete Ch. 10 Review Packet Summary