1. The Consolidation of Latin America 1830-1920 Chapter 25, pages 562-588

2. From Colonies to Nations A combination of internal developments and the Napoleonic wars set Latin American independence movements in motion

3. Causes of Political Change American Revolution Provided a model for colonial rebellion French Revolution Offered revolutionary ideology Rejected by elites as too radical politically and socially Slave Rebellion led by Toussaint L’Overture Ended with the creation of the independent republic of Haiti Spain & Portugal’s Political Disruption Caused by French invasion, occupation, and resistance Latin American Creoles declared loyalty to the Spanish ruler but began to rule colonies themselves

4. Spanish-American Independence Struggles- Mexico Miguel de Hidalgo Early victories Lost Creole support- executed Augustin de Iturbide- won independence New state collapses Mexico becomes a republic Central America divided into independent nations

5. Spanish American Independence Struggles- Northern South America Simon Bolivar Won victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador Three countries united until 1830 separation

6. Spanish American Independence Struggles- Southern South America Jose de San Martin By 1825, all of Spanish America had won political independence Efforts at unity failed Republics with representative governments emerged

7. Spanish American Independence Struggles- Brazil Portugal’s most important colonial possession French invasion of Portugal in 1807- royal family flees to Brazil Portuguese King Joao VI- returns to Portugal in 1820- leavs son in charge Pedro declares Brazilian independence and becomes constitutional emperor Pedro I Social organization (slavery) and political structure does not change

8. New Nations Confront Old & New Problems The new nations confronted difficult problems: social inequalities, political representation, the role of the church, and regionalism. These problems led to political fragmentation. Leaders with strong personal followings, representing various interests and their own ambitions, rose to prominence.

9. Political Fragmentation

10. Political Fragmentation- Caudillos Military leaders Brought temporary order to Latin America but did not always exert their power non0violently In some cases, used force to effect the changes they wanted and to ensure obedience

11. Political Fragmentation- Differences Among Leaders Centralists- wanted strong governments with broad powers Federalists- favored awarding authority to regional government Liberals- Stressed individual rights, opposed corporate structure of colonial society, and favored federalist government Conservatives- wanted a centralized state and wished to maintain a society where corporate groups ruled social action

12. Political Fragmentation- The Church Role of the church became a critical political issue Liberals sought to limit its civil role Conservatives and Papacy wanted to keep it strong

13. The result of Political Fragmentation Enduring political instability with rapid turnovers of rulers and constitutions Only a few nations had general stability: Chile (after reforms in 1833) Brazilian monarchy For most of Latin America, the basic questions of government and society remained unresolved

14. Post-Independence Economics- Stagnation Monroe Doctrine Price for British support Latin America dependent on foreign markets and imports Economy stagnates

15. Post-Independence Economics- Improvements European market expansion created demand for local products Brought revenues to governments, urban growth, and transportation improvements

16. Attempts at Reform 1820s-1830s- liberal reformers tried to break colonial patterns and follow European trends Societies and economies were unprepared for drastic change Strength of opposing institutions (church, army) remained intact 1840s- Conservatives returned to power in many places Halted or hindered reform Alliance between landowners and peasantry emerged to oppose change

17. Liberals Return to Power Last quarter of the 19 th Century Positivism- Auguste Comte Caused by changes in the nature of the Industrial Revolution and the age of imperialism

18. Economic Expansion Rapid economic expansion after 1850 Population doubled Economic growth often occurred at the expense of the peasantry

19. Social Change Tension remained in cultural life between European and American influences, and between elite and folk ways. Social change for the masses and for women came slowly.

20. Cultural Expression after Independence Elite followed Europe’s examples in intellectual and artistic life Romanticism (1830s) Realism & Positivism (1870s) Mass culture was not effected by the elite trends Traditional forms flourished But were ignored by the elite

21. Old Patterns of Gender, Class, & Race Women Subordinate to males Could not vote or hold office Education provided opportunity for jobs (teachers) By end of century, women began to actively demand increased rights Class & Race Latin America ended the 1880s as a predominantly agrarian group of nations with rigid social structures, dependent on the world market

22. The Great Boom (1880-1920) Increasing demand in industrializing Europe stimulated Latin American economic growth Liberal ideology prepared the way for expansion Export products fueled expansion Developing commerce drew attention of foreign investors Germany U.S. Great Britain

23. Uncle Sam Goes South Spanish-American War of 1898 Cuba- became dependent on American economics Puerto Rico- annexed Columbia, Panama- revolution

24. New Latin American Nations and the World Latin America, the first non-Western area to face the problems of decolonization, possessed a distinct civilization sharing much of the Western tradition, but in economics, it functioned more like regions in Asia and Africa.