1. Workers, Unions, and Social Democracy History 323 / Feb. 18, 2013

2. Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-1864) General German Workers’ Federation (ADAV), 1863

3. August Bebel (1840-1913) SAPD (1875) becomes SPD (1890)

4. Max Hödel fires on Wilhelm I (May 11, 1878)

5. Cartoon from Punch (1878)

6. Bismarck steers toward a new coalition

7. Police breaking up socialist meetings

8. Reichstag elections of the 1880s (% of votes cast) 10/27/8110/28/842/21/872/20/90 Conservatives16.315.2 12.4 Free conservs.7.56.99.86.7 National liberals12.6 + 8.1 17.622.216.3 Progressives/ Freethinkers 12.717.612.916.0 Center23.222.620.118.6 Social Dems.6.19.710.119.7 Others13.510.59.710.3

9. The Social Democratic delegation to the Reichstag (1889)

10. Friedrich III

11. Wilhelm II (seen here with England’s Queen Victoria)

12. “Dropping the pilot” (Punch, March 1890)

13. Adolph von Menzel, The Iron Rolling Mill (1875)

14. Shift change in the Saarland (ca. 1899)

15. Visit to Krupp, ca. 1910

16. Production at AEG, Berlin, ca. 1900

17. Robert Koehler, The Strike (1886)

18. Union membership in Germany, 1887-1914 (dark blue = socialist unions; pink = Catholic unions; yellow = liberal unions; light blue = total)

19. Industrial wage earners 18824.8 million (23.7% of all employed) 18957.2 million (29.6% of all employed) 190710.6 million (33.5% of all employed) Average work week 1860s78 hours 187172 hours 1885/9066 hours 1910/1353-57 hours

20. The architecture of “rental barracks”

21. Workers’ quarters, ca. 1910