2. Freedmen Define Freedom Emancipation Freedom Church Education Freedmen’s Bureau provide –clothing, –medical care, –food, and –education to both freedmen and white refugees. Literacy Ended 1872

3. Johnson: The Tailor President was elected to Congress and refused to secede with his own state of Tennessee. made Vice Democrat to Lincoln's Union Party in 1864 in order to gain support from the War Democrats and other pro-Southern element strong supporter of state's rights and of the Constitution. Southerner who did not understand the North and a Democrat who had not been accepted by the Republicans.

4. Presidential Reconstruction 1863, Lincoln stated his "10 percent" Reconstruction plan: a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. state government would be constructed within the state, re-admitted into the Union. Republican fears over planter aristocracy and the possible re-enslavement of blacks, Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 -required that 50% of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and it demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation. Lincoln refused to sign the bill. Disagreement between the President and Congress revealed differences in Republicans and two factions arose: – a majority that agreed with Lincoln and believed that the seceded states should be restored to the Union as quickly as possible, and a –radical minority that felt the South should suffer greatly before its re- admittance - this minority wanted the South's social structure to be uprooted, the planters to be punished, and the newly-emancipated blacks protected by federal power. President Johnson issued his own Reconstruction plan on May 29, 1865. It called for special state conventions which were required to: repeal the decrees of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the slave- freeing 13th Amendment.

5. The Baleful Black Codes series of laws designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated slaves. Mississippi- first 1865. aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force. "sharecropping” Plantation owners would rent out pieces of their land to blacks and make the cost of rent higher than the return the land produced. bound by contract to continue to work the land until debts were repaid to the plantation owner. harsh penalties for “jumped" labor contracts, some of which usually forced the blacks to work for the same employer for one year. The codes forbade a black to serve on a jury or to vote. The Republicans opposed to the Black Codes.

6. Congressional Reconstruction In December 1865, Southern states represented themselves in Congress This infuriated the Republicans bc now there would be an opposing party with much more control in Congress Republicans feared that the South would take control of Congress. Why? On December 4, 1865, Republicans shut the door in the face of the newly-elected Southern delegates. President Johnson said Southern states had met conditions –the Union was now restored –this statement angered the Republicans.

7. Johnson Clashes with Congress erupted in February 1866 when the president vetoed a bill extending the life of the controversial Freedmen's Bureau (later re-passed). Congress (controlled by the Republicans) passed the Civil Rights Bill in March 1866, which gave blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes. 14th Amendment passed 1866. –1- gave civil rights, including citizenship, to the freedmen; –2- reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks on the ballot; –3- disqualified from federal and state offices former Confederates who, as federal officeholders, had once sworn to support the Constitution of the United States; and –4- guaranteed the federal debt, while the Union assumed all Confederate debts. Congress began to develop into the dominant role in controlling the government.** All Republicans agreed that no state should be welcomed back into the Union without ratifying the 14th Amendment.

8. Republicans Principles and Programs Charles Sumner-Republican radicals in the Senate for black freedom and racial equality. Thaddeus Stevens led the radicals in the House of Representatives. The moderate Republicans, the majority in Congress –preferred policies that restrained the states from cutting citizens' rights, –rather than policies that directly involved the federal government in individual lives.

9. Reconstruction by the Sword March 2, 1867 Congress passed the Reconstruction Act –divided the South into 5 military districts with union general/soldiers –required that states ratify the 14th Amendment to be re-admitted, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote. –Mod. Rep. goal= create voters in Southern states that would vote those states back into the Union and thus free the fed. Gov’t from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights. 15th Amendment passed-1869: granted black men the right to vote. Military Reconstruction of the South took control of certain functions of the president, who was commander in chief, and set up a martial regime. In 1877, the last federal arms were removed from Southern politics and the Democratic South was made.

10. The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Women still could NOT vote 15th Amendment caused –blacks to organize politically – Union League: network of political clubs to educate members and campaigned for Republican candidates. –built black churches and schools, –recruiting militias to protect black communities from white retaliation. From 1868-1876, blacks began to hold major offices in government (senator, congressmen).

11.  Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle  Organized in 1867, in Polaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest.  Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers  Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could.  Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and Freedmen.  Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle  Organized in 1867, in Polaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest.  Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers  Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could.  Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and Freedmen. KKK

12. Spreading Terror The Ku Klux Klan  The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters.  They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers.  They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them.  Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and scalawags became their victims. The Federal Response  President Grant’s War On Terrorism.  The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting.  Other laws banned the KKK and used the military to protect voters and voting places.  As federal troops withdrew from the South, black suffrage all but ended.

13. kkk ALL HATED BY THE KKK Carpetbaggers Carpetbaggers Northerners/Republicans sent to help reconstruct the South…. Scalawags Scalawags Southerners who helped Carpetbaggers Freedmen Freedmen Blacks who tried to vote or were involved in the reconstruction of their states governments.

14. During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a mixture of people who had little in common except a desire to prosper in the postwar South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and two other groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags.  Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South became known as carpetbaggers.  Southerners gave them this insulting nickname, which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps.  Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.

15.  White southern Republicans were seen as traitors and called scalawags.  This was originally a Scottish word meaning “scrawny cattle.”  Refers to one who is a “scoundrel”, reprobate or unprincipled person.  Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed secession.  Some were small farmers who resented the planter class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.

17. South’s Backlash

18. kkk

19. Letter About Ku Klux Klan Terror* State of Mississippi. Monroe County. March 30, 1871 several white menwhipped and killed several Negroes My beloved Sister: I will endeavor to answer your joyfully received letter. I must tell you something about the Ku Klux, they are raging on the other side of the River. They have whipped several white men, whipped and killed several Negroes. whipped Colonel Hugginsthe Superintendent of the free schools nearly to death They whipped Colonel Huggins, the Superintendent of the free schools nearly to death, and everybody rejoiced when they heard it, for everybody hated him. He squandered the public money, buying KKK Quote 3

20. pianofortes, organs, sofas, and furniture for the Negro School house in Aberdeen. Ku Klux gave him seventy lashesand then gave him ten days to leave the country The people are taxed beyond endurance. The Ku Klux gave him seventy lashes, and then gave him ten days to leave the country. He left and went to Jackson. There was a Regiment of Militia came into Aberdeen Friday. They are sent here to put down the Ku Klux. Huggins has come back with the Militia, but I wouldn't give a straw for his life, for he will be killed. It is the opinion of most everybody there will be war. The Yankees coming here will make the Negroes more insolent. KKK Quote 3

21. With Country full of Yankees, things are going too far, for the free whites of the South are determined not to put up with it. A Negro can kill a white man, take it in Court, get a Negro jury, clear him and then turn him loose, things can't go on this way. We are in a most peculiar situation. Give my love to all the Connections and write soon. Yours, Jennie *Mrs. Webb was the wife of William J. Webb, who owned and operated the City Hotel on the site of the Plainview Hotel, on the Block North of the Monroe County Courthouse, Aberdeen, Mississippi. The Shaw Family patronized this Hotel. Colonel Huggins left Aberdeen in the night and went back North. KKK Quote 3

22. KKK Quote 1

23. KKK Quote 2

24. Sharecroppers were Freedmen and poor Whites who stayed in the South and continued to farm.  Freedmen signed a work contract with their former masters.  Picked cotton or whatever crop the landowner had.  Freedmen did not receive “40 acres and a mule”

25. Sharecropping is primarily used in farming Landowner provided land, tools, animals, house and charge account at the local store to purchase necessities Freedmen provided the labor. Sharecropping is based on the “credit” system.

26. Sharecroppers

27. Advantages  Part of a business venture  Raised their social status  Received 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvested  Raised their self esteem Disadvantages  Blacks stay in South  Some landowners refused to honor the contract  Blacks poor and in debt  Economic slavery

28. 1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land. 2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to pay laborers. 4. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local store. 5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid. Pays off debts. If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store than his share of the crop is worth; 6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord. 3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers Sign contracts to work landlord’s land in exchange for a part of the crop.

30. Sharecroppers

31. 369185 369 total electoral votes, need 185 to win. 164 1876 Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. Hayes wins the election Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President 1876 Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. Hayes wins the election Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President * *Disputed Electoral votes

32.  The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain.  The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President  In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South.  Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go back to the way it was. Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden

33. Agreement between Democrats and Republicans Hayes pulls the troops out of the South. Southerners take over their state governments called “REDEEMERS” FreedmenSuccesses Freedmen would be lost because Southerners would take over their state governments. Jim CrowJim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting and becoming equal citizens. Agreement between Democrats and Republicans Hayes pulls the troops out of the South. Southerners take over their state governments called “REDEEMERS” FreedmenSuccesses Freedmen would be lost because Southerners would take over their state governments. Jim CrowJim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting and becoming equal citizens. Cartoon of Hayes: end of Reconst

34. social reality. After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were several ways that Southern states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by the color of their skin in public facilities. Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from voting.  poll taxes  literacy tests  grandfather clause

35. social reality  The systematic practice of discriminating against and segregating Black people, especially as practiced in the American South from the end of Reconstruction to the mid- 20th century  Derogatory name for a Black person, ultimately from the title of a 19th-century minstrel song.  Goal: Take away political and constitutional rights guaranteed by Constitution: Voting and equality of all citizens under the law.

36. JC laws

37. Jim Crow Laws: Jim Crow Laws: segregated Whites and Blacks in public facilities became the law after Reconstruction: Used at the local, state levels and eventually the national to separate the races inUsed at the local, state levels and eventually the national to separate the races in kept Blacks, minorities and poor whites from voting and as 2nd class citizen status schools, parks, transportation, restaurants, etc…. JC laws1

38. Poll Taxes: Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote. Literacy Test: Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate. Grandfather clause: Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote…. social reality

39. The Struggle for African American Suffrage 1865 Civil War ends Reconstruction begins 1870s Reconstruction ends. 1950s-1960s Civil Rights movement begins. 1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960’s

40. Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s

41. JC laws/map Segregated 1% of Blacks integrated Less than 5% integrated 25% or more integrated

42. South’s Backlash1 0 to 20 20 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 200 200 or more Lynchings of Whites/Blacks

43. South’s Backlash1 The right to vote was taken away from the Freedmen after Reconstruction

48. Reconstruction Ends There were five main factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction. Corruption: Reconstruction legislatures & Grant’s administration symbolized corruption & poor government. The economy: Reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent heavily, putting the southern states deeper into debt. Violence: As federal troops withdrew from the South, some white Democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting. This tactic allowed white Southerners to regain control of the state governments. The Democrats’ return to power: The pardoned ex- Confederates combined with other white Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic voters known as the Solid South. They blocked Reconstruction policies. The Country: The Civil War was over and many Americans wanted to return to what the country was doing before the war.

49. Successes and Failures of Reconstruction SuccessesFailures Union is restored.Many white southerners bitter towards US govt & Republicans. South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North. The South is slow to industrialize. 14 th and 15 th amendments guarantee Blacks the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage. After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote. Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling. Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty. Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education. Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.

50. Quote by Frederick Douglass 1

51. Quote by Frederick Douglass 2

52. Social equality vs. legal equality Which way would the scale tip?

53. social reality Supreme Court decision which legalized segregation throughout the nation. “ Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal“ Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal Problem: Black facilities would never be equal to White facilitiesProblem: Black facilities would never be equal to White facilities Our nation would be segregated until the 1960’s.Our nation would be segregated until the 1960’s.

54. Booker T. Washington How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Southern Perspective Former slaveFormer slave Wrote a book/Up From SlaveryWrote a book/Up From Slavery Before you are considered equal in society--must be self sufficient like most AmericansBefore you are considered equal in society--must be self sufficient like most Americans Stressed vocational education for Black AmericansStressed vocational education for Black Americans Gradualism and economic self-sufficiencyGradualism and economic self-sufficiency Founder of Tuskegee InstituteFounder of Tuskegee Institute

55. W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Northern Perspective Fought for immediate Black equality in society Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions” Gain equality by breaking into power structure Founder of NAACP  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

56. Reconstruc tion Map Solid South Democratshated the Republicans Solid South Political term that describes how the South would vote in future elections…… Always voted for the Democrats because they hated the Republicans.

57. Women rights supporters refused to support the 14th Amendment giving African American Men citizenship unless women were added to it. Abolitionists would not support women’s rights Abolitionists vs Women’s rights