1. Chapter 31 World War II

2. CHALLENGES TO WORLD PEACE  many dictators will take aggressive actions in the early 1930s  these aggressive actions were met with only pleas and protests from the democracies of the world  many dictators viewed these types of actions as signs of weakness  Japan will be a different situation because they did not have a single leader but a group of military generals governing the country

3. THE ROAD TO WAR  1931 – Japan, seeking raw materials, invades. When the League of Nations meets to debate the situation, Japan withdraws from the League.  1931 – Japan, seeking raw materials, invades Manchuria. When the League of Nations meets to debate the situation, Japan withdraws from the League.

4. THE ROAD TO WAR  1934 – Japan withdraws from the [created in 1921 to limit the size of the world’s navies and thus reduce the possibility of war] and starts to create the most powerful navy in the Pacific.  1934 – Japan withdraws from the Washington Treaty [created in 1921 to limit the size of the world’s navies and thus reduce the possibility of war] and starts to create the most powerful navy in the Pacific.

5. THE ROAD TO WAR  1935 - In defiance of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler announces that Germany will start to rebuild its army and air force. Although Great Britain and France protest they do nothing.

6. THE ROAD TO WAR  Also in 1935 Italy invaded  Also in 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia.  Ethiopian leader appealed to the League of Nations for help  Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for help

7. THE ROAD TO WAR  the League put some or penalties on Italy. no weapons or other war materials could be sold to Italy but could sale petroleum. By early 1936 Italy had conquered Ethiopia  the League put some sanctions or penalties on Italy. no weapons or other war materials could be sold to Italy but could sale petroleum. By early 1936 Italy had conquered Ethiopia

8. SPANISH CIVIL WAR  in the 1930s Spain was going through a period of unrest. was forced to abdicate and a republic was set up which was controlled by liberals and  in the 1930s Spain was going through a period of unrest. King Alfonso XII was forced to abdicate and a republic was set up which was controlled by liberals and  Socialists. The Catholic Church lost status (lands confiscated) and the army was reduced in size however unrest continued throughout Spain (strikes, riots, etc)

9. SPANISH CIVIL WAR  by 1936 a coalition government was elected that included socialists, liberals, and communists  They moved against the military leadership and redistributed the land to peasants.

10. SPANISH CIVIL WAR  In July, 1936 a group of generals led by revolted against the republican government - this will turn into the.  In July, 1936 a group of generals led by Francisco Franco revolted against the republican government - this will turn into the Spanish Civil War.

11. SPANISH CIVIL WAR  The generals wanted to restore power of Catholic Church and destroy socialism and communism in Spain.  The followers of Franco were called and the Republicans called  The followers of Franco were called Nationalists and the Republicans called Loyalists.

12. SPANISH CIVIL WAR  The Spanish civil war will become an international issue.  The League of Nations tried to stop the flow of weapons into Spain from foreign powers but League was unsuccessful.

13. SPANISH CIVIL WAR  Mussolini and Hitler supported Franco with weapons and manpower. The Italians and especially the Germans used the war as a practice ground for their militaries (new weapons and tactics tried out under combat conditions)

14. Guernica

16. SPANISH CIVIL WAR  the Loyalists' were supported by Stalin and some democracies but their help was much less than what the Nationalists were receiving.  By 1939 the Spanish Civil War was over and Franco had set up a Fascists dictatorship in Spain.

17. THE ROAD TO WAR  In October, 1936 the was signed which allied Italy and Germany (military alliance)  In October, 1936 the Rome-Berlin Axis was signed which allied Italy and Germany (military alliance)

18. THE ROAD TO WAR  in 1936 Hitler sent troops into the in direct violation of the Versailles Treaty, A lot of verbal protest made by France and Great Britain but very little resistance made to the move.  in 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland in direct violation of the Versailles Treaty, A lot of verbal protest made by France and Great Britain but very little resistance made to the move.

19. THE ROAD TO WAR  1937- Japan invades China.

20. THE ROAD TO WAR  March, 1938 Germany announced that it wanted to annex which is known as the (union of Austria with Germany).  March, 1938 Germany announced that it wanted to annex Austria which is known as the Anschluss (union of Austria with Germany).

22. THE ROAD TO WAR  Again there was little response to the aggression by Hitler from France and Great. Britain, both of the countries were following a, making concessions to an aggressor in order to maintain peace. Both countries had widespread, opposition to all war, among their populations.  Again there was little response to the aggression by Hitler from France and Great. Britain, both of the countries were following a policy of appeasement, making concessions to an aggressor in order to maintain peace. Both countries had widespread pacifism, opposition to all war, among their populations.  The British people were not concerned because the incidents were far away and many also believed that a strong Germany army would keep a check on communism in the USSR.  Also many felt that the Versailles Treaty had been too harsh on Germany.  France was unwilling to stand up to Germany without British backing.

23. THE ROAD TO WAR  The United States response to all of this was to follow a policy of isolationism and had passed the which forbade the sale of arms to any nation at war, no loans to warring nations, and no Americans on warring nations ships.  The United States response to all of this was to follow a policy of isolationism and had passed the Neutrality Laws which forbade the sale of arms to any nation at war, no loans to warring nations, and no Americans on warring nations ships.  After the disillusion with World War I the United States wanted to stay out of European conflict not prevent a war.

24. THE ROAD TO WAR  1938 - because of the apparent weakness of the democracies Italy, Germany, and Japan signed the which pledged that each country would fight communism and would not interfere with one another's plans for expansion.  1938 - because of the apparent weakness of the democracies Italy, Germany, and Japan signed the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis which pledged that each country would fight communism and would not interfere with one another's plans for expansion.

25. THE ROAD TO WAR  Germany's aggression will continued when late in 1938, Hitler demanded the annexation of the from (most of the people living in the Sudetenland were German speaking)  Germany's aggression will continued when late in 1938, Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia (most of the people living in the Sudetenland were German speaking)

27. THE ROAD TO WAR  Czechoslovakia was one of only two democracies in eastern Europe  neither France nor Great Britain was willing to go to war to save the Sudetenland.

28. THE ROAD TO WAR  Hitler invited France and Great Britain to meet with him at the the French and the British prime minister chose appeasement instead of war and persuaded the Czechs to turn over the Sudetenland to Hitler. (“Peace in Our time”)  Hitler invited France and Great Britain to meet with him at the Munich Conference the French and the British prime minister Neville Chamberlain chose appeasement instead of war and persuaded the Czechs to turn over the Sudetenland to Hitler. (“Peace in Our time”)  In return Hitler promised that he had no plans for further expansion in Europe.

29. THE ROAD TO WAR  1939 – March – Hitler sent German forces to take the rest of Czechoslovakia  April of 1939 Italy attacks.  April of 1939 Italy attacks Albania.

30. THE ROAD TO WAR  In the summer of 1939, France and Great Britain realized that appeasement had failed when Hitler demanded the return of, a free city under the control of the League of Nations and the Great Britain and France responded by saying they would aid Poland.  In the summer of 1939, France and Great Britain realized that appeasement had failed when Hitler demanded the return of Danzig, a free city under the control of the League of Nations and the Polish Corridor Great Britain and France responded by saying they would aid Poland.

32. THE ROAD TO WAR  August, 1939 Hitler stunned the world when he announced the with the USSR — this was a non-.aggression pact in which the two countries promised not to attack each other. In secret they had agreed that  August, 1939 Hitler stunned the world when he announced the Nazi-Soviet Pact with the USSR — this was a non-.aggression pact in which the two countries promised not to attack each other. In secret they had agreed that 1) not to fight each other if one went to war 1) not to fight each other if one went to war 2) they would divide up Poland and Eastern Europe. 2) they would divide up Poland and Eastern Europe.

34. Chapter 31 Section 2 The Start of World War II

35. START OF WORLD WAR II  on September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland starting World War II.

36. START OF WORLD WAR II  The Germans launched the or lightning warfare (planes, tanks, and mechanized units of 1,250,000 men) swept into Poland (Polish air force destroyed in 48 hrs.).  The Germans launched the "blitzkrieg" or lightning warfare (planes, tanks, and mechanized units of 1,250,000 men) swept into Poland (Polish air force destroyed in 48 hrs.).

37. START OF WORLD WAR II  France and Britain declared war on Germany September 3.  Polish resistance will end within three weeks.

38. START OF WORLD WAR II  USSR, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact, will take eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  USSR will also attack Finland (Finns put up a brave fight but will fall in March 1940)

39. World War II  After the fall of Poland there was a lull in the fighting known as the “ or "".  After the fall of Poland there was a lull in the fighting known as the “Sitzkrieg” or "phony war".

40. World War II  Britain concentrated on building up their armaments, clearing the seas of enemy surface ships, and imposing a blockade on Germany.

41. World War II  France waited in the elaborately fortified defensive position known as the (87 miles of underground forts on border with Germany)  France waited in the elaborately fortified defensive position known as the Maginot Line (87 miles of underground forts on border with Germany)

42. World War II  Hitler resumed the war in April 1940 by seizing Norway and Denmark

43. World War II  In May Germany will attack the Netherlands and Belgium and thus bypassing the Maginot Line.

45. World War II  Germans will trap tens of thousands of British, French, and Belgian troops in Flanders.

46. World War II  Allied forces retreated to where 350,000 men were rescued ("Miracle at Dunkirk") by hundreds of British ships including civilian craft.  Allied forces retreated to Dunkirk where 350,000 men were rescued ("Miracle at Dunkirk") by hundreds of British ships including civilian craft.  This was Hitler ’ s first big mistake because it saved the British army for future warfare.

47. World War II  Mussolini (It.) will declare war on France on 10 June,  on 14 June German troops rolled into Paris unopposed.

48. The fall of Paris

49. World War II  The French government under requested a cease fire.  The French government under Marshal Petain requested a cease fire.  France will be divided into two zones (north occupied by German troops and rest of country under a "puppet regime" headed by Petain at  France will be divided into two zones (north occupied by German troops and rest of country under a "puppet regime" headed by Petain at Vichy

51. Great Britain  had taken over as prime minister of Britain on 10 May and refused Hitler's offer of surrender.  Winston Churchill had taken over as prime minister of Britain on 10 May and refused Hitler's offer of surrender.

52. Battle of Britain  Hitler wanted to invade Britain ("") but he needed mastery of the English Channel something he could not do without control of the skies.  Hitler wanted to invade Britain ("Operation Sea Lion") but he needed mastery of the English Channel something he could not do without control of the skies.

53. Operation Sea Lion

54. Battle of Britain  Hitler's commander of the, promised to defeat the Royal Air Force (RAF).  Hitler's commander of the Luftwaffe, Herman Goering promised to defeat the Royal Air Force (RAF).

55. The Blitz of London  the Blitz of London – August 12, 1940 – German bombers started bombing England’s southern coast in a fierce air attack on Britain trying to destroy the RAF.

56. The Blitz of London  Even though the Germans had a numerical superiority in planes [almost 5 to 1] the British had an advantage because they had developed radar

57. The Blitz of London  This major air battle became known as the  This major air battle became known as the Battle of Britain.  In the beginning the Germans concentrated on military installations and defeating the RAF but they held on

58. The Blitz of London  After a month they changed tactics and on the night of September 7, 1940 and for the next 57 nights London was bombed.  This was called the during which time the Germans dropped firebombs and high explosives on the major cities of Britain including London and other civilian targets.  This was called the "blitz" during which time the Germans dropped firebombs and high explosives on the major cities of Britain including London and other civilian targets.

59. The Blitz of London  The Blitz of London alone will kill more than 15,000 civilians but the citizens of Britain refused to break.

60. The Blitz of London  Even though the Blitz will continue until June 1941 Hitler was forced to postpone his invasion of Britain because the air campaign had failed (Luftwaffe lost more than twice as many planes as RAF)

61. German Advances  Even though Germany was unable to force the surrender of Britain Germany was in control of Western Europe.  Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland had declared their neutrality.  Spain was also technically neutral though they were Fascist and thus pro-Axis

62. German Advances  In 1940 Romania and Hungary joined the Axis powers and in early 1941 Bulgaria joined as well.

64. German Advances  The Germans and Italians then attacked and overran Greece (24 days) and Yugoslavia (11days).

65. German Advances  I n October 1940- the Italians attacked the British in North Africa but were very quickly repulsed.

66. German Advances  To aid his Axis partner Hitler sent General a.k.a. "" to North Africa where he had great success in pushing the British back toward Cairo, Egypt.  To aid his Axis partner Hitler sent General Erwin Rommel a.k.a. "Desert Fox" to North Africa where he had great success in pushing the British back toward Cairo, Egypt.

67. GERMAN INVASION OF USSR  In June of 1941 Hitler launched "" against the USSR. [Hitler’s second mistake of the war].  In June of 1941 Hitler launched "Operation Barbarossa" against the USSR. [Hitler’s second mistake of the war].  3 million German soldiers were sent into USSR.  The Soviet air force [more than 1500 planes] was destroyed on the ground in the first 24 hours.

68. GERMAN INVASION OF USSR  Germans will push deep inside the USSR (controlled 600,000 sq. miles).

69. GERMAN INVASION OF USSR  The goals of the German invasion were 1) to gain Leningrad in the north (siege will last 800 days and cost 1.5 million lives) 1) to gain Leningrad in the north (siege will last 800 days and cost 1.5 million lives) 2) to capture Moscow in the center - Germans reached the outskirts but winter will set in 2) to capture Moscow in the center - Germans reached the outskirts but winter will set in 3) seize control of the Ukraine in the south which the Germans will overrun – the area is rich in wheat and oil. 3) seize control of the Ukraine in the south which the Germans will overrun – the area is rich in wheat and oil.

70. GERMAN INVASION OF USSR  However, the Soviets will practice a "" policy which will make it difficult for the Germans to supply their army over such great distances.  However, the Soviets will practice a "scorched earth" policy which will make it difficult for the Germans to supply their army over such great distances.

71. GERMAN INVASION OF USSR  Despite this the Germans were very successful until the Russia winter set in and the German army suffered because they were not issued winter uniforms. At times the temperatures dropped to more than -50 degrees below zero.

72. EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVMENT  At the beginning of World War II the US declared its neutrality.  As the war progressed many Americans became sympathetic to the blight of the Allies.  President (FDR) will find ways around the Neutrality Acts –  President Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) will find ways around the Neutrality Acts – the United States will give the British 50 old American destroyers in exchange for leases on naval bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Jamaica the United States will give the British 50 old American destroyers in exchange for leases on naval bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Jamaica

73. EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVMENT  In March of 1941 Congress passed the which allowed FDR to sell or lend war materials on credit to countries that were vital to the defense of the United States.  In March of 1941 Congress passed the Lend- Lease Act which allowed FDR to sell or lend war materials on credit to countries that were vital to the defense of the United States.  Before the war is over the United States will give the Allies, including the Soviet Union, more than 50 billion dollars in military equipment.  This brought the US and Britain closer together and angered the Germans.

74. EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVMENT  in August 1941 Winston Churchill and FDR met in the Atlantic and drew up the Atlantic Charter this document stated the goals of the United States and Britain during and after the end of World War II (self-determination and the United Nations) this document stated the goals of the United States and Britain during and after the end of World War II (self-determination and the United Nations)

75. EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVMENT  By November 1941 the US and Germany in a undeclared naval war in the Atlantic because the United States was openly supporting Britain

76. Japan and the Pacific  In July 1940 the Japanese seized French Indochina and moved towards the Dutch East Indies.  In response to this aggression, in August 1940 the United States stopped exporting oil and scrap metal to Japan.  In early 1941 the US moved the Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

77. Japan and the Pacific , leader of Japan's War Party became prime minister of Japan in October 1941.  Hideki Tojo, leader of Japan's War Party became prime minister of Japan in October 1941.  The United States and Japan start moving closer to war but they will continued to use diplomatic means to try and solve their problems.

78. Japan and the Pacific  Japan's military leaders concluded that they should attack the US Pacific Fleet and try to defeat the United States in one great battle.  So even while the Japanese diplomats continue to negotiate, the Japanese military is planning an attack on the United States

79. Pearl Harbor  On December 7, 1941 the Japanese fleet under the leadership of launched a surprise attack on the Pacific Fleet at  On December 7, 1941 the Japanese fleet under the leadership of Admiral Yamamoto launched a surprise attack on the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor

80. Pearl Harbor  The United States lost 8 battleships (went down with over 2000 men on board), 10 others ships were crippled and 188 planes were destroyed.  The United States lost 8 battleships (Arizona went down with over 2000 men on board), 10 others ships were crippled and 188 planes were destroyed.  However, the main target of the attack, the 3 American aircraft carriers were not in the harbor at the time of the attack.

83. Pearl Harbor  The Japanese loses were about 49 planes and 5 midget submarines.  Within hours of the Pearl Harbor attack the Japanese also attacked other areas including the Philippines, Wake Island, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Dutch East Indies (oil), Burma, and Guam.

84. Pearl Harbor  United States declared war on Japan Dec. 8, 1941.  It is here that Hitler makes his biggest mistake of the war, Germany and Italy declared war on the US December 11, 1941

85. Pearl Harbor  The Japanese had succeeded in crippling America's defenses (West coast open to air and sea attack)  Australia was the only remaining stronghold for Allies in the Pacific.  Japan now controlled most of the world's supply of rubber and tin, gained rice from Indochina and oil from the East Indies Indochina and oil from the East Indies

86. Japanese advances  The goal of the military was to have Japanese warplanes secure a perimeter far enough from Japan so that United States bombers could not reach the Japanese homeland (later move east and south).  Once this happened the United States would have to sign a treaty acknowledging Japan's control of Asia.  Japan would than create the - Japan's slogan became ""  Japan would than create the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere - Japan's slogan became "Asia for the Asians"

88. Chapter 31 Section 3 Europe During World War II

89. GERMAN POLICY TOWARD CONQUERED PEOPLES  Hitler wanted to organize the European continent into a single political and economic system ruled from Berlin and dominated by the "Aryan race”.  He set up puppet governments in western European countries that were peopled by “Aryans” or related “races”.

90. GERMAN POLICY TOWARD CONQUERED PEOPLES  To the Nazis occupied lands were economic resources to be plundered and looted.  They systematically stripped conquered nations of their art works, factories, and other resources.

91. GERMAN POLICY TOWARD CONQUERED PEOPLES  Many people including the Slavs and others from Eastern Europe were judged inferior and were forced to serve the Third Reich as slave laborers in factories.  Tens of thousands were forced from their homes and sent to Germany to work in German war industries.

92. Genocide  Hitler instituted a policy of killing people he judged to be “racially inferior”.  These people included Slavs, Gypsies, the mentally ill, Africans, and especially the Jews.

93. Genocide  At first Jews were forced from their homes and placed in ghettos and concentration camps.  By 1941 the German policy toward the Jews changed, the Nazis created what they called the which called for the annihilation of the entire Jewish population in Europe.  By 1941 the German policy toward the Jews changed, the Nazis created what they called the "Final Solution" which called for the annihilation of the entire Jewish population in Europe.

94. Genocide  Nazis attempted [to kill entire group of people].  Nazis attempted genocide [to kill entire group of people].  Jews will be transported to eastern Germany and Poland and held in concentration (death) camps  most notorious camps include (at its height 30,000 a day will be killed ),  most notorious camps include Auschwitz (at its height 30,000 a day will be killed ), Treblinka, Dachau, Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, and Sobibor

95. the Holocaust  upon arrival at the camps the people were divided into two groups 1) Those who were fit and healthy enough to do heavy labor 1) Those who were fit and healthy enough to do heavy labor 2) Those chosen to die immediately – mothers with small children, the old, the sick, and the weak. 2) Those chosen to die immediately – mothers with small children, the old, the sick, and the weak.

96. the Holocaust  The systematic destruction of the Jews is called the.  The systematic destruction of the Jews is called the Holocaust.  Most Jews were killed by poison gas or shot.

97. the Holocaust  It is estimated that at least 6 million Jews died.  In addition about another 6 million Slavs, Gypsies, physically and mentally disabled, and political prisoners were also killed.

100. the Holocaust  Some individuals risked their lives to try and hide the Jews from the Nazis. Unfortunately many more people became and helped the Nazis track down the Jews for extermination.  Some individuals risked their lives to try and hide the Jews from the Nazis. Unfortunately many more people became collaborators and helped the Nazis track down the Jews for extermination.  The Vichy government in France shipped tens of thousands of Jews to the death camps.  Some governments like Denmark refused to cooperate with the Nazis and as a result very few of their Jews were deported for extermination.

101. ALLIED WAR EFFORT  the "Big Three" of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided that the defeat of Germany was first priority, the Japanese could wait.  The Allies distrusted each other Churchill thought that Stalin wanted to dominate Europe. Roosevelt thought that Churchill wanted to expand the British imperial power.  Stalin believed that the U.S. and Britain wanted to destroy communism.

102. ALLIED WAR EFFORT  This distrusted in each other was increased because in 1942 Stalin wanted another front opened to relieve pressure on Soviets and Churchill and Roosevelt said that they did not have the resources to do that. (Will not happen until 1944)

103. Total War  Like World War I, the Allies were committed to a total war.  Governments took control of economic resources ordering factories to stop making civilian items and to turn out military equipment.  Essential consumer goods (shoes, sugar, & gas) were rationed and there were regulations on prices and wages.

104. Total War  Governments limited citizens rights and censored the press.  Propaganda was used to raise awareness and funds for the war effort.  On the positive side, unemployment vanished from most countries.

105. Total War  In the United States, one of the worst incidents of the war for America was the treatment of the Japanese-Americans.  Those Japanese-Americans who lived on the West Coast were forced into relocation camps (many lost businesses, jobs and homes).  To show their patriotism many Nisei or American-born Japanese joined the war effort where they were allowed to fight in Europe.

106. Women At War  women once again proved to be very important in the war effort.  Women built ships, planes, and tanks.

108. Women At War  Women joined the armed forces in auxiliary roles - drove trucks, delivered airplanes, assisted at anti- aircraft sites etc.  In USSR women saw combat  in France many women joined the Resistance movements

109. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  In North Africa British forces under the leadership of General will turn General Rommel and the German advance at the Battle of and pushing their way toward Tunisia.  In North Africa British forces under the leadership of General Bernard Montgomery will turn General Rommel and the German advance at the Battle of El Alamein and pushing their way toward Tunisia.

110. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  At the same time American forces under the command of, landed in Morocco and Algeria, advancing on Tunisia from the west.  At the same time American forces under the command of Dwight Eisenhower, landed in Morocco and Algeria, advancing on Tunisia from the west.

112. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  The combination of British and American armies will defeat the Germans in Tunisia forcing the Axis army to surrender (250,000 men). This was one of the turning point in the war

113. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  in July 1943 the US and British forces will invade Sicily opening a new front.  Under the leadership of General US forces will then move on to the Italian peninsular.  Under the leadership of General George Patton US forces will then move on to the Italian peninsular.

114. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  The Italians were fed up with Mussolini and he was forced to resign and placed under arrest. (He will be rescued by elite German commandos)  With Mussolini out of power the Italians made peace with the Allies.

115. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  Although Italy changed sides the Germans still controlled the northern part of Italy and had dug in and will fight to the end of the war.

116. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  In the spring of 1942 Germany launched a new offensive aiming for the rich oil fields of southern Russia.  They were successful until they reached the city of Stalingrad.  Hitler wanted the city because of its name and Stalin wanted to keep the Germans out for the same reason.

117. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  The fighting became brutal; soldiers were fighting street to street, house to house, room to room.

118. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  In November, 1942 the Russians launched a counterattack that encircled more than 600,000 German soldiers inside the city.  Hitler refused to let them retreat.

119. Map of the Stalingrad Area

120. TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR  In the end about 100,000 Germans were taken prisoners of war (only about 5,000 will ever return to Germany) and about 300,000 were killed or wounded.  The losses in North Africa and Stalingrad greatly weakened the German army.  From this point on they are on the defensive.

121. THE INVASION OF FRANCE  By 1944 the Allies were ready to open a second front in Europe.  Dwight Eisenhower was made Supreme Commander of Allied Forces Europe and ordered to plan and carry out the invasion of France.

122. THE INVASION OF FRANCE  To prepare for the assault the allies had to first reduce Germany’s capacity to make war.  This was done by allied bombers, German cities and factories were bombed day and night in an effort to reduce the Nazi war machine.  By June 1944 the allies controlled the skies over Europe.

123. THE INVASION OF FRANCE  The invasion could now have a reasonable chance of success.  The invasion of France known as (D-Day is the day of the invasion) this was the greatest amphibious invasion in history (more 4,000 transport ships, 600 warships and 11,000 aircraft).  The invasion of France known as Operation Overlord (D-Day is the day of the invasion) this was the greatest amphibious invasion in history (more 4,000 transport ships, 600 warships and 11,000 aircraft).

126. THE INVASION OF FRANCE  A force of 2 million British, American, Polish, and Canadian troops will land (179,000 on the first day) with another million supporting the landings from the air and sea.

127. THE INVASION OF FRANCE  The Allies landed at Normandy on June 6, 1944 on five beach locations and quickly pushed inland.  By August 25, 1944 the Allies had liberated Paris.

128. Chapter 31 Section 4 The End

129. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  From December, 1941 to May, 1942 Japan had won an uninterrupted series of victories.  During that six month period they had captured Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, and the Philippine Islands.

130. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  In the Philippines they killed tens of thousands of American and Filipino prisoners of war on what became know as the, a 68 mile forced march through the tropical heat without food or water  In the Philippines they killed tens of thousands of American and Filipino prisoners of war on what became know as the Bataan Death March, a 68 mile forced march through the tropical heat without food or water

131. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  Japan controlled most of Southeast Asia.

132. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  warfare in the Pacific will be very different than the fighting in Europe.  Fighting in the Pacific meant landing on Japanese occupied islands and fighting inland.  Japanese soldiers were fanatical in their obedience to their emperor,.  Japanese soldiers were fanatical in their obedience to their emperor, Hirohito.  Japanese soldiers seldom surrendered even though the battle was lost, to do so would mean dishonor to them and their families.

133. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  the Japanese will suffer their first setback in May 1942 at the Battle of the Coral Sea when Japan tried to invade Australia.  This five day battle was unique in that it was fought by airplanes launched from carriers not by ships.

134. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  It was the first major defeat of the war for Japan because it stopped their invasion.

135. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  The next month, June, 1942, American forces led by Admiral will defeat the Japanese at the  The next month, June, 1942, American forces led by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz will defeat the Japanese at the Battle of Midway.

136. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  American had broken the Japanese military code, using that information the American fleet of 3 aircraft carries and 27 other ships was able to defeat a Japanese fleet of 6 aircraft carries and 121 other ships

137. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  Japanese planes were caught on the decks of carriers during re-fueling and re- arming. 322 planes and 4 aircraft carriers lost by Japanese.  This was the turning point in the Pacific and the Americans were now able to take the offensive.

138. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  General was named Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Pacific.  General Douglas MacArthur was named Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Pacific.  The American war campaign in the Pacific was known as "".  The American war campaign in the Pacific was known as "Island Hopping".  US forces would attack some Pacific islands while by-passing others.  Even with this the loses were staggering on both sides.

139. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  The first major Allied offensive was at in the Solomon Islands.  The first major Allied offensive was at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.

140. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  Other important islands include (3,973 American causalities – 4,713 Japanese were killed, 17 captured)  Other important islands include Tarawa (3,973 American causalities – 4,713 Japanese were killed, 17 captured)  (17,286 American causalities – 24,000 Japanese killed, 5,000 suicides and 921 captured)  Saipan (17,286 American causalities – 24,000 Japanese killed, 5,000 suicides and 921 captured)

141. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  Iwo Jima (26,504 American causalities – 20,703 Japanese killed, 216 captured),

142. WAR IN THE PACIFIC  ( 51,429 American causalities, 79 ships destroyed, 763 aircraft destroyed – 83,000 Japanese killed, 7,455 captured, 16 ships sunk, 3,130 aircraft destroyed and about 130,000 civilians killed or missing)  Okinawa ( 51,429 American causalities, 79 ships destroyed, 763 aircraft destroyed – 83,000 Japanese killed, 7,455 captured, 16 ships sunk, 3,130 aircraft destroyed and about 130,000 civilians killed or missing)

143. The End of Nazi Germany  After the freeing of France the Allied armies pushed on towards Germany.  In Germany Hitler said; “If the war is to be lost the nation also will parish”.  Hitler ordered Germans to fight to the death and to destroy everything so that nothing will be left.

144. The End of Nazi Germany  Hitler decided to attempt one last counterattack in December, 1944 against the Allies with the goal being the city of Antwerp.  The attack became known as the  The attack became known as the Battle of the Bulge.

145. The End of Nazi Germany  During this battle both sides took heavy causalities.  The battle was a total failure for the Germans and they were now facing the Americans/British in the West and the Soviets in the East.

146. The End of Nazi Germany  Germany had now been under around the clock bombing for almost 2 years.  Most of Germany’s cities were now in ruin.

147. The End of Nazi Germany  On February 14, and 15 1945 the city of Dresden was bombed resulting in at least 135,000 civilian causalities.

148. The End of Nazi Germany  By March the Allies had crossed the Rhine and in the east Soviet troops were closing in on Berlin

149. The End of Nazi Germany  Germany's war machine had collapse.  German forces in Italy surrendered.  Mussolini was captured by the Italians who shot him and hung his body upside down

150. The End of Nazi Germany  In late April 1945 Hitler will commit suicide along with his wife, just before the Soviets could capture him.  In late April 1945 Hitler will commit suicide along with his wife, Eva Braun just before the Soviets could capture him.

151. The End of Nazi Germany  On May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders to the Soviets and Allies this became known as (Victory in Europe)  On May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders to the Soviets and Allies this became known as V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

152. The End In The Pacific  When it became clear that Japan was loosing the war they began using pilots.  When it became clear that Japan was loosing the war they began using kamikaze pilots.

153. The End In The Pacific  These were volunteer suicide pilots who would crash their fully loaded planes into American ships (great honor to die for the emperor).  This was Japan's final desperate attempt to stop the Allied advance toward their homeland

154. The End In The Pacific

155.  On April 12, 1945 FDR died from a massive stroke and became President of the United States.  On April 12, 1945 FDR died from a massive stroke and Harry S. Truman became President of the United States.

156. The End In The Pacific  In the United States the was the code name given to the building of an atomic bomb.  In the United States the Manhattan Project was the code name given to the building of an atomic bomb.  The scientists had finally created one and tested it in the desert of New Mexico in June of 1945.  As America planned the invasion of Japan the Allies contemplated that it would cost over 1 million Allied casualties (based on the cost of taking Iwo Jima and Okinawa).  Given that information President Truman will decide to drop the atomic bomb on Japan instead of trying to invade. The goal was to save lives, both Japanese and Americas.

157. The End In The Pacific  On August 6, 1945 a bomb was dropped on a city of about 345,000 people (100,000 died instantly).  On August 6, 1945 a bomb was dropped on Hiroshima a city of about 345,000 people (100,000 died instantly).  The USSR declared war on Japan on August 8, 1945. Japan still refused to surrender

159. The End In The Pacific  August 9 another bomb was dropped on (70,000 died instantly).  August 9 another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki (70,000 died instantly).  Faced with the destruction of all of Japan’s cities Emperor Hirohito announced Japans surrender on August 14, 1945 The World War II was finally over.  Faced with the destruction of all of Japan’s cities Emperor Hirohito announced Japans surrender on August 14, 1945 (V-J Day). The World War II was finally over.

160. Chapter 31 Section 5 The Cost “When you go home Tell them for us and say For your tomorrow We gave our today”

161. CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II  “Give me ten years and you will not be able to recognize Germany” Adolf Hitler 1933.  By 1945 Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Russia, Japan and several other countries were in ruin.  Cities were gutted. Factories, railroads, bridges, farms, and homes were destroyed.  Millions of people were displaced and refugees. They wandered Europe looking for lost love ones.  Hunger and disease will continue to kill long after the fighting ended

162. CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II  the cost of the war in human lives is estimated at 75 million people, this includes civilian casualties.  There are 14 million military dead, half of them Russian.  The Soviet Union lost the most people estimated at 22 million dead.

163. CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II  More than 12 million died in death camps.  The horrors of the Holocaust and other savage crimes against humanity discredited the regimes of Japan, Germany, and Italy.

164. CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II  The cost in dollars is unknown.  However the United States spent 288 billion dollars ( in today’s money, 1.5 trillion dollars)

165. CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II  As the Allies moved across Europe they liberated the Nazi death camps and the world became fully aware of the horrors of the Holocaust.  The Nazi commander of Auschwitz will admit that he killed at least 2.5 million Jews – not counting those that died of disease or starvation.

166. War Crimes  During the war the allies had agreed that they would put on trial the Axis leader for “crimes against humanity”.

167. War Crimes  A total of 177 German and Austrian officials were put on trial.  142 were found guilty, 10 of the top Nazi leaders receive death sentences, the others prison terms.

168. United Nations  In an effort to promote world peace, in 1945 some 50 countries met in San Francisco to establish the charter.  In an effort to promote world peace, in 1945 some 50 countries met in San Francisco to establish the United Nations charter.  The UN charter set up a General Assembly and a Security Council with five permanent members-US, USSR, Great Britain, France, and China and 10 non- permanent members.

169. The Two Super Powers  The war drained and exhausted Britain and France.  The U.S. and the Soviet Union come out of World War II as super powers.

170. The Cold War  By late 1945 the alliance that had defeated Nazi Germany was coming apart.  Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust soon led to what is known as the  Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust soon led to what is known as the Cold War. It is a state of tension and hostility among nations without armed conflict. It is a state of tension and hostility among nations without armed conflict.

171. The Cold War  The Cold War started over Eastern Europe.  Stalin and the west had very different goals for the area.  Stalin had 2 goals for Eastern Europe; Spread communism to the area. Spread communism to the area. Create a buffer zone as a defense against the West. Create a buffer zone as a defense against the West.

173. The Cold War  The West wanted Stalin to have free elections in Eastern Europe.  Stalin rejected that and by 1948 had created pro-Soviet governments throughout Eastern Europe.

174. The Cold War  Churchill described this as a ” dividing the continent.  Churchill described this as a “Iron Curtain” dividing the continent.  It also increased the western fear of communism.  Europe was now divided into “eastern” and “western” blocs.

175. Greece  Stalin supported communist rebels trying to overthrow the Greek government.  He was also threatening Turkey.

176. Greece  The British were too weak to defend the area.  On March 1947, President Truman announced the  On March 1947, President Truman announced the Truman Doctrine a 400 million dollar program to help Greece and Turkey fight communism. a 400 million dollar program to help Greece and Turkey fight communism.

177. Greece  It was all part of the – created by  It was all part of the Policy of Containment – created by George Kennan its goal was to encircle communism and not let it expand. its goal was to encircle communism and not let it expand.  This will also become the bases for American foreign policy for decades.

178. The Marshall Plan  the United States Secretary of State proposed that the United States rebuild Europe to help it fight hunger and poverty and make it better able to resist communism.  The Marshall Plan – George Marshall the United States Secretary of State proposed that the United States rebuild Europe to help it fight hunger and poverty and make it better able to resist communism.

180. The Marshall Plan  The US even offers to help the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe but they refuse.  In all the United States will spend more than 12.5 billion dollars to aid war torn Europe.

181. Germany  After the war Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation – USSR, US, France, British.  France, Britain and the US united their zones.  Germany now was a divided nation East and West.  West Germany became a democracy and East Germany communist.

183. Germany  Inside the Soviet zone was the old German capital of Berlin.  It also was divided into 4 zones of occupation.  In 1948 Stalin wanted the Allies out of Berlin.  He cut the railroad and highways into the western sector.

184. Germany  The US created a round-the- clock airlift for the city, the.  The US created a round-the- clock airlift for the city, the Berlin Airlift.  For more than a year everything a city needed was air lifted into Berlin.

185. Increased Tensions  In 1949 the US, Canada and nine western European countries will form the  In 1949 the US, Canada and nine western European countries will form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).  The Soviet Union will respond by creating the.  The Soviet Union will respond by creating the Warsaw Pact.

187. Increased Tensions  As tensions continued both sides entered an arms race.  In 1949 the Soviets developed an atomic bomb and the race was on.

189. Increased Tensions  Both sides tried to develop bigger bombs and better delivery systems.  Churchill said that the global balance of power has become a balance of terror.

190. Balfour Declaration  In 1917 Britain stated that a Jewish homeland in Palestine was just  Palestinians and Jews would divide lands  1948 two Palestine’s were created (one for Jews and one for Palestinians (Muslims)  Same thing that happened with India and Pakistan  1948 Arab-Israeli War broke—by the end of the war Palestinians without a home

191. Israeli Conflict  1967 Six Days’ War—total victory for the Israelis—took West Bank from Jordan and Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt  Camp David Accords—Israeli Prime Minister Begin and Egyptian President Sadat—Egypt first Arab country to recognize Israel’s right to exist  Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) demanded a Palestinian state—most famous leader of PLO was Yassir Arafat

192. Iran  The Shah of Iran began to westernize Iran  Women given right to vote, better education and land reforms  Infuriated Islamic fundamentalists  1979 Iranian Revolution broke out which ousted the shad—Ayatollah Khomeini created a theocracy—Americans taken hostage  Iran-Iraq War started in1980

193. Oil  OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) was formed in 1960 consisting of oil exporting countries mostly in Middle East but also included the likes of Venezuela  Petroleum cartel controlled three-quarters of the world’s petroleum  1970s OPEC cut oil exports causing price of oil

194. WORLD TRADE  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between US, Mexico and Canada  European Union (EU) will be established— uses common currency, the EURO  EU created to give US economic competition—contains 27 countries today  World Trade Organization (WTO) established in 1994

195.  WTO contains 153 member states— adhere to rules and regulations regarding trade relationships  Group of Six (G6) established in 1975 which included US, G.B., West Germany, Italy, Japan and Poland  Now known as G8 with Canada and Russian being added—meet to discus mutual and global concerns

196. Global Health Crisis  World Health Organization (WHO) works to lower infant mortality and combat various diseases—influenza and now AIDS

197. SALT I and II  Treaties signed between the US and USSR to limit nuclear weapons  Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)  Reduce ICBMs

198. Age of the Computer  Single most important technological advance since the 1980s has been the rise of computers—the internet