1. Terrorism and the U.S. Response

2. What is terrorism? Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation— and each element produces terror in its victims. TheFBI uses this definition: "Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." FBI The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism to be "premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience". http://www.terrorism-research.com/

3. Why do terrorist groups act? Produce widespread fear Obtain worldwide, national, or local recognition for their cause by attracting the attention of the media Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces so that the government overreacts and appears repressive Steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons and ammunition vital to the operation of their group Destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication in order to create doubt that the government can provide for and protect its citizens Discourage foreign investments, tourism, or assistance programs that can affect the target country’s economy and support of the government in power Influence government decisions, legislation, or other critical decisions Free prisoners Satisfy vengeance Turn the tide in a guerrilla war by forcing government security forces to concentrate their efforts in urban areas. This allows the terrorist group to establish itself among the local populace in rural areas http://www.terrorism- research.com/goals/

4. CHARTS The next 4 slides will have the charts you will use to answer questions 1-9. Compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston, “Worst terrorist strikes—worldwide,” http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/wrjp255i.html

5. Deadliest Terrorist Attacks in the United States DateAttack and LocationFatalitiesInjuries 11 Sep 2001 Crashing of hijacked planes into World Trade Center, New York City; Pentagon in Alexandria, Virginia; and rural site in Pennsylvania 2,9938,900 19 Apr 1995Truck bombing of federal building, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma169675 29 Dec 1975 Bombing at airport in New York City1175 26 Feb 1993 Truck bombing of World Trade Center, New York City61,040

6. Deadliest Terrorist Strikes Worldwide (Includes attacks resulting in at least 100 fatalities. Some sources do not consider all of these attacks to be terrorist attacks.) DateAttack and LocationFatalitie s Injuries 11 Sep 2001 Crashing of hijacked planes into World Trade Center, New York City; Pentagon in Alexandria, Virginia; and rural site in Pennsylvania 2,9938,900 14 Aug 2007 Multiple car bombings in Al-Qataniyah and Al-Adnaniyah, Iraq5201,500 20 Aug 1978 Arson of theater in Abadan, Iran477? 1–3 Sep 2004 Hostage taking at school in Beslan, Russia (includes 30 terrorists killed)366747 23 Jun 1985 Mid-air bombing of Air India flight off Ireland and attempted bombing of second flight in Canada 3314 12 Mar 1993 15 bombings in Bombay, India3171,400 8 Aug 1998 Truck bombings of U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Saalam, Tanzania 3034,954 23 Oct 1983Truck bombings of U.S. Marine and French barracks, Beirut, Lebanon301161 21 Dec 1988 Mid-air bombing of Pan Am flight over Lockerbie, Scotland27012 20 Nov– 5 Dec 1979 Hostage taking at Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia (includes 87 terrorists killed) 240600 12 Oct 2002Car bombing outside nightclub in Kuta, Indonesia202350 23 Nov 2006 Multiple car bombings in Baghdad, Iraq 202250

7. Significant Terrorist Acts Using Unconventional Weapons DateAttack and LocationFatalitiesInjuries 6 Apr 2007Suicide bombing with truck carrying chlorine tanks in Ramadi, Iraq3550 6 Sep 1987 Water poisoning with pesticide at constabulary in Zamboanga City, Philippines 19140 21 Jan 1994Attack with chemical grenades on village of Ormancik, Turkey16? 28 Jan 2007Explosion of truck bomb carrying chlorine tank16? 20 Mar 1995Sarin nerve gas attack in subway in Tokyo, Japan125,511 20 Feb 2007Bombing of chlorine tanker truck in Taji, Iraq9150 16 Mar 2007Two suicide bombings using trucks carrying chlorine tanks in Falluja, Iraq8350 27 Jun 1994Nerve gas attack in Matsumoto, Japan7270 21 Feb 2007Explosion of car bomb carrying chlorine tanks in Baghdad, Iraq673 9 Oct 2001Anthrax-laced letters mailed to Washington, D.C., U.S.A.47 18 Sep 2001 Anthrax-laced letters mailed to West Palm Beach, Florida, and New York City, New York 110 9–19 Sep 1984 Salmonella poisoning in restaurants in The Dalles, Oregon0751 19 Apr 1995Tear gas attack in Yokohama, Japan0272

8. Terrorist attacks producing high numbers of non-fatal injuries (This listing is incomplete and includes attacks resulting in 300 or more injuries apart from fatalities. Note that these figures are not as consistently defined by reporting authorities.) DateAttack and LocationFatalitie s Injuries 11 Sep 2001 Crashing of hijacked planes into World Trade Center, New York City; Pentagon in Alexandria, Virginia; and rural site in Pennsylvania 2,9938,900 20 Mar 1995Sarin nerve gas attack in subway in Tokyo, Japan125,511 8 Aug 1998 Truck bombings of U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Saalam, Tanzania 3034,954 11 Mar 2004Bombings of four trains in Madrid, Spain1911,876 14 Aug 2007Multiple car bombings in Al-Qataniyah and Al-Adnaniyah, Iraq5201,500 12 Mar 199315 bombings in Bombay, India3171,400 31 Jan 1996Suicide truck bombing of bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka911,400 26 Feb 1993Truck bombing in garage of World Trade Center, New York City61,040

9. What are some terrorist groups today? Islamic State (ISIS or ISIL) – Iraq and Syria Boko Haram – Nigeria Hezbollah – Lebanon Hamas – Egypt Taliban – Pakistan Al-Qaeda – Afghanistan

10. How has the U.S. responded to terrorism? Increased surveillance and security. Limitations on privacy – PATRIOT ACT – October 26, 2001 – President George W. Bush – Government officials permitted to search telephone, email, medical, financial and other personal records of individuals believed to be involved in terrorist activities. Diplomatic and military initiatives – “War on Terrorism” – War in Iraq – War in Afghanistan