1. Chapter 3: The Biosphere

2. What is Ecology? Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. What are some of these interactions? What are some of these interactions? Where an organism lives Where an organism lives What it eats What it eats

3. Life on Earth The Biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. The Biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It includes all of the land, air, and water on the planet. It includes all of the land, air, and water on the planet. It also includes all of the life within it. It also includes all of the life within it.

4. Levels of Organization Biome Biome Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Population Population Species Species

5. What does an ecologist study? The study of ecology includes… The study of ecology includes… the environment in which an organism lives the environment in which an organism lives the interactions of organisms with one another the interactions of organisms with one another the interactions of organisms with the non-living environment. the interactions of organisms with the non-living environment. Ecologists study ecosystems. Ecologists study ecosystems. –Observing –Experimenting –Modeling

6. Distribution of Life Is all life on Earth evenly distributed throughout the planet? Is all life on Earth evenly distributed throughout the planet? The answer is no. The answer is no. Explain why this is the case. Explain why this is the case.

7. 3-2: Energy Flow What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? The Sun The Sun How much of the sun’s energy that reaches the Earth is actually used by living things? How much of the sun’s energy that reaches the Earth is actually used by living things? Less than 1% worldwide Less than 1% worldwide

8. Great Bear Stakeout http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=katH5 3GK8Jg&list=PLiCk2I6PXl5q5UN7sOck2Otl nJvBBr0qx&index=4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=katH5 3GK8Jg&list=PLiCk2I6PXl5q5UN7sOck2Otl nJvBBr0qx&index=4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=katH5 3GK8Jg&list=PLiCk2I6PXl5q5UN7sOck2Otl nJvBBr0qx&index=4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=katH5 3GK8Jg&list=PLiCk2I6PXl5q5UN7sOck2Otl nJvBBr0qx&index=4

9. Energy Flow and Use Half of the energy plants absorb from the sun is used immediately. Half of the energy plants absorb from the sun is used immediately. Remaining energy stored in plant tissues. Remaining energy stored in plant tissues. Animals eat plants for energy. Animals eat plants for energy. Animals store smaller amounts of energy. Animals store smaller amounts of energy.

10. Energy Flow and Cycles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_RBH fjZsUQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_RBH fjZsUQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_RBH fjZsUQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_RBH fjZsUQ Great Pacific Media has a number of instructional videos on Ecology. Great Pacific Media has a number of instructional videos on Ecology. Search for them on You Tube. Search for them on You Tube.

11. How do organisms get energy? Producers are autotrophs produce their own food. Producers are autotrophs produce their own food. –Photosynthesis –Chemosynthesis Consumers obtain their energy either directly or indirectly from producers. Consumers obtain their energy either directly or indirectly from producers. Primary consumers feed directly on producers. Primary consumers feed directly on producers. Also known as herbivores. Also known as herbivores.

12. How do organisms get energy? Secondary consumers are consumers that feed on primary consumers. Secondary consumers are consumers that feed on primary consumers. Carnivores are second level, third level, and fourth level consumers. Carnivores are second level, third level, and fourth level consumers. For example, a third level (tertiary) consumer feeds on a secondary consumer. For example, a third level (tertiary) consumer feeds on a secondary consumer. Snake Frog Insect Plant Snake Frog Insect Plant EXAMPLE OF A 4 th Level Consumer? EXAMPLE OF A 4 th Level Consumer?

13. How do organisms get energy? Energy flows through an ecosystem from the sun to producers to consumers. Energy flows through an ecosystem from the sun to producers to consumers. Detrivores feed on plant/animal remains/dead matter. Detrivores feed on plant/animal remains/dead matter. When animals and plants die, decomposers break down this non-living organic matter to obtain their energy. When animals and plants die, decomposers break down this non-living organic matter to obtain their energy. Bacteria and fungi are examples. Bacteria and fungi are examples.

14. Feeding Relationships A Food Chain is the simplest relationship of plants and animals relying on one another for food. A Food Chain is the simplest relationship of plants and animals relying on one another for food. Food webs are more complicated but take into account all of the connections between plants and animals in an ecosystem. Food webs are more complicated but take into account all of the connections between plants and animals in an ecosystem.

15. Food Web

16. Trophic Levels Each step in a food chain or food web Each step in a food chain or food web Each consumer Each consumer depends on the level below it for energy

17. Energy Pyramids About 10% of the energy taken in by a trophic level is available for the next level. About 10% of the energy taken in by a trophic level is available for the next level. –Some lost as heat Energy transferred at each level Energy transferred at each level Biomass – total amount of living tissue in a level Biomass – total amount of living tissue in a level

18. Biogeochemical Cycles Is energy recycled in an ecosystem? Is energy recycled in an ecosystem? No, energy only moves in one direction through an ecosystem. No, energy only moves in one direction through an ecosystem. What does this mean? What does this mean? Energy moves from the sun, to producer, to consumer. Energy cannot move in the opposite direction. Energy moves from the sun, to producer, to consumer. Energy cannot move in the opposite direction.

19. Biogeochemical Cycles All organisms require specific essential nutrients in order to grow. Name some essential nutrients that plants need. Oxygen Carbon Phosphorus Oxygen Carbon Phosphorus Nitrogen Hydrogen Sulfur Nitrogen Hydrogen Sulfur

20. Biogeochemical Cycles Nutrients can be reused over and over again within an ecosystem. Nutrients can be reused over and over again within an ecosystem. Both energy and nutrients move through various trophic levels together Both energy and nutrients move through various trophic levels together

21. The Four Biogeochemical Cycles What are the four cycles essential for an ecosystem? What are the four cycles essential for an ecosystem? Water, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen Water, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen The Water Cycle The Water Cycle Atmosphere to Earth and back to atmosphere. Atmosphere to Earth and back to atmosphere. Evaporation and Condensation Evaporation and Condensation

22. Biogeochemical Cycles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09_sW PxQymA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09_sW PxQymA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09_sW PxQymA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09_sW PxQymA

23. The Nitrogen Cycle Why do organisms need Nitrogen? Why do organisms need Nitrogen? To build Proteins To build Proteins Found in atmosphere, wastes, and dead or decaying matter. Found in atmosphere, wastes, and dead or decaying matter. What is Nitrogen Fixation? What is Nitrogen Fixation? Nitrogen fixation – Changing of free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds such as nitrates or nitrites that can be used by living things. Nitrogen fixation – Changing of free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds such as nitrates or nitrites that can be used by living things.

24. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation  Nitrogen fixation  Used by Plants  Used by Plants  Animals eat plants  Animals eat plants  Nitrogen compounds return to soil when animals/plant die  Nitrogen compounds return to soil when animals/plant die  Denitrification  Denitrification  Free N back to atmosphere Free N back to atmosphere Denitrification – bacteria break down nitrogen compounds. Free nitrogen back into atmosphere.

25. Nitrogen Cycle

26. The Carbon Cycle The movement of carbon through the environment relies upon plants and animals. The movement of carbon through the environment relies upon plants and animals. Photosynthesis Respiration Photosynthesis Respiration Human activities – Human activities – burning of fossil fuels, mining, deforestation

27. The Oxygen Cycle Oxygen released by plants. Oxygen released by plants. Used during respiration. Used during respiration.

28. Limiting Factors Primary productivity – measure of how much organic matter created by producers. Primary productivity – measure of how much organic matter created by producers. Nutrients affect ability to capture and use energy. Nutrients affect ability to capture and use energy. Harmful to an ecosystem. Harmful to an ecosystem. Fertilizers and pollution can cause algal blooms or bacteria. Fertilizers and pollution can cause algal blooms or bacteria. Dianchi Lake, China

29. Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities

30. 4-1 Role of Climate Weather – day to day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a time and place Weather – day to day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a time and place Climate – average, year to year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. Climate – average, year to year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect CO2, methane, H2O vapor

31. Climate Zones Solar radiation strikes different parts of Earth throughout year Solar radiation strikes different parts of Earth throughout year Different latitudes produce three main zones Different latitudes produce three main zones –Polar – very low angles of sunlight –Temperate – changing angles of sunlight  hot and cold –Tropical – Direct sunlight

32. 4-2 Abiotic and Biotic Factors Made up of abiotic and biotic factors Made up of abiotic and biotic factors Abiotic factors – physical features Abiotic factors – physical features Water, sunlight, rocks, soil, rainfall Water, sunlight, rocks, soil, rainfall Biotic factors – living things Biotic factors – living things Plant life, mammals, birds, insects, fish Plant life, mammals, birds, insects, fish

33. An Organism’s Niche Niche – full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives Niche – full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives How it uses those conditions An organism’s occupation –Place in food web –Range of temperature it survives –Type of food it consumes –Natural predators –How it reproduces

34. Community Interactions Competition – organisms attempt to use resources in same place/time Competition – organisms attempt to use resources in same place/time Predation – predator/prey interactions Predation – predator/prey interactions Symbiosis – Living close together Symbiosis – Living close together –Mutualism – both benefit –Commensalism – one benefits / other unaffected –Parasitism – one lives off other organism and harms it

35. Ecological Succession Ecosystems constantly change due to natural and human disturbances Ecosystems constantly change due to natural and human disturbances Primary succession – occurs Primary succession – occurs where no soil exists where no soil exists –Pioneer species – first species to populate area to populate area Secondary succession – Secondary succession – restoring of original restoring of original conditions after disturbance conditions after disturbance

36. 4-3 and 4-4 BIOMES Complete the Biomes Activity Packet. Complete the Biomes Activity Packet.