1. Organic Part 2

2. Do Now What is different between these organic compounds?

3. More Organic Compounds Functional Group = an atom or a group of atoms that replaces one or more hydrogens in a hydrocarbon. The functional groups give organic compounds specific properties. Table R Organic Functional Groups: – Halides-Alcohols – Aldehydes-Ketones – Ethers-Organic Acids – Esters-Amines – Amides

5. HALIDES A halogen (F, Cl, I, Br) replaces a hydrogen. R-X (R= carbon chain X= halide) Naming Halides: – 1. Name the parent chain. – 2. Add the prefix for the attached halogens. Chloro- Bromo- Iodo- Fluoro- (di, tri, etc if there are more than one) 3. Indicate the position of the halogens.

6. Uses of Halides Halides in lighting – Metal halides are used in high-intensity discharge lamps called metal halide lamps, such as those used in modern street lights. These are more energy- efficient. Metal halide lamps are also commonly used in greenhouses or in rainy climates to supplement natural sunlight. HID (High-intensity discharge) lamps however, contribute highly to light pollution. Metal halideshigh-intensity discharge lampsmetal halide lamps street lightsenergy- efficient light pollution Alkyl halides can be used as solvents, dry cleaning solvents, anesthetics, freons, and pesticides.

7. ALCOHOLS A hydroxyl group (-OH) replaces a hydrogen Although alcohols resemble bases because of the OH group, they do not ionize in water (become ions) to form hydroxide. Naming Alcohols: – 1. Name the parent chain. One OH group, change e- to –ol. Two OH group, add –diol to –e. – 2. Indicate the position of the hydroxyl groups.

8. Uses of Alcohols Alcohols are in wide use in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn more cleanly than gasoline or diesel.solvent fuelgasolinediesel Because of its low toxicity and ability to dissolve non-polar substances, ethanol is often used as a solvent in medical drugs, perfumes, and vegetable essences such as vanilla.perfumevanilla As a drug, common alcohol (ethanol) is known to have a depressing effect that decreases the responses of the central nervous system.drugdepressing effectcentral nervous system Isopropyl alcohol or "rubbing alcohol". Isopropyl alcohol Ethylene glycol which is the primary component in antifreeze Ethylene glycolantifreeze Glycerin bound in natural fats and oils, which are triglycerides (triacylglycerols) Glycerinfattriglyceride Fatty alcohols: Used in cosmetics and food, industrial solvents, and biofuels. Fatty alcoholbiofuel Xylitol, a sweet sugar alcohol used in the food and healthcare industry. Xylitolsugar alcohol

9. ALDEHYDES A carbonyl group (C=O) is attached to the end carbon. O ll R-C-H Naming Aldehydes – 1. Name the parent chain. – 2. Change –e to -al

10. Common Aldehydes Formaldehyde (Methanal) – used as a preservative Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) Propanal (Propionaldehyde) Butanal (butyraldehyde) Larger ones used as fragrances – Benzaldehyde – flavor in maraschino cherries

11. KETONES The carbonyl group (C=O) is attached to an interior carbon. O ll R -C- R’ Naming ketones: – 1. Name the parent chain. – 2. Change –e to –one. – 3. Indicate the location of the carbonyl group. ** Ketones are isomers of aldehydes.

12. Uses of Ketones Keytones Biochemistry – Acetone, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are ketones generated from carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids in humans and most vertebrates. Acetoneacetoacetatebeta-hydroxybutyratecarbohydratesfatty acids amino acidsvertebrates Applications – Ketones are often used in perfumes and paints to stabilize the other ingredients so that they don't degrade as quickly over time. Other uses are as solvents and intermediates in chemical industry. Examples of ketones are acetone, acetophenone, and methyl ethyl ketone.perfumespaintsacetone acetophenonemethyl ethyl ketone

13. Ethers Two carbon chains are joined together by an oxygen atom. R-O-R’ Naming Ethers: – 1. Name both sides as branches (if the branches are identical, use ‘di’) in alphabetical order. – 2. Add “ether”

14. Uses of Ethers Ethylene Glycol Ethers – Ethylene glycol ethers are a group of organic solvents that proved to be extremely effective at coating surfaces evenly. They've been used in paints, nail polish, de-icers and many other products. One of their most important industrial applications was in the semiconductor industry.

15. ORGANIC ACIDS Contain a carboxyl group (at the end) O ll R-C-OH Naming Organic Acids: – 1. Name the parent chain. – 2. Replace –e with –oic acid.

16. Uses of Organic Acids Carboxylic acids are found all throughout nature. They are, in addition, important industrial chemicals. A well-known carboxylic acid is acetic acid (ethanoic acid). This gives, for example, vinegar its sour taste. The red ants, like other ants, make the simplest of the organic acids, formic acid. The sting of bees, ants, and some plants contains formic acid, along with some other irritating materials. Formic acid is HCOOH.

17. ESTERS Formed from the reactions between organic acids and alcohols (esterification) O ll R-C-O-R’ Naming Esters: – 1. Name the alcohol side first as a group. – 2. Name the organic acid side as a parent chain and change the –e to –oate. Esters have strong, fragrant aromas and are responsible for the odors of many foods and flavorings: pineapple, banana, wintergreen, orange, etc.

18. Uses of Esters Tend to be fragrant – Methyl butyrate → apple – Ethyl butyrate → pineapple – Ethyl formate → rum – Methyl salicylate → wintergreen

19. AMINES Derivative of ammonia Solutions of amines are alkaline R-N-R’ l R’’ Naming Amines: – 1. Name all groups on nitrogen in alphabetical order and add –amine to the last one.

20. AMIDES Combine the functional groups of aldehydes and amines. O R’ ll l R -C - N –H Naming amides: – 1. Name the parent chain and change –e to – amide.

21. Amino Acids Contain carboxyl group and amine group.

23. Characteristics of Organic Compounds Generally nonpolar. Generally do not dissolve in water. Generally not electrolytes (organic acids are an exception). Generally have a low melting point (the melting points go up as the size increases). Have relatively slow rates of reactions because covalent bonds must be broken. This results in high activation energies.

25. Types of Organic Reactions 1.Substitution 2.Addition 3.Fermentation 4.Esterification 5.Saponification 6.Combustion 7.Polymerization

26. 1. SUBSTITUTION One atom is replaced by another type of atom. Halcarbons are formed when a halogen is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a saturated hydrocarbon.

27. 2. Addition Two or more atoms are added to carbon atoms that had been double or triple bonded. Halocarbons are made when halogens are added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

28. 3. Fermentation Occurs in living systems when enzymes catalyze the breakdown of organic molecules.

29. 4. Esterification An organic acid and an alcohol react to form an ester and water. http://www.ausetute.com.au/esters.html

30. 5. Saponification The breakdown of fats by bases. The products are glycerol and soap.

31. 6. Combustion The reactions of a saturated hydrocarbon with oxygen to produce carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide and water.

32. The word ‘polymer’ comes from the Greek words poly (meaning ‘many’) and meros (meaning ‘parts’). Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds of monomers join together to form long chains. Plastics are synthetic polymers that can be shaped by heat or pressure. What are polymers?

33. 7. Polymerization A reaction in which small units are linked together in long chains. a. Condensation polymerization: when the subunits are linked together and water is removed as a product. b. Addition polymerization: when the subunits are linked together when double or triple bonds are broken. The only product is the polymer.

34. Organic Reactions SubstitutionOne atom is replaced by another atom. Addition2 or more atoms are added a a hydrocarbon that had a double or triple bond FermentationOccurs in living organisms. No oxygen involved. Alcohol and carbon dioxide are made. EsterificationOrganic acid + alcohol makes an ester and water SaponificationFat+ base makes glycerol and soap CombustionHydrocarbon + Oxygen makes CO 2 or CO and water and heat Polymerization- condensationOrganic compounds are linked together and WATER is released Polymerization- AdditionOrgnaic compounds with double or triple bonds are linked together and those bonds are broken. A polymer is made.