1. Chapter 41 Nuclear Power Plants Provide ~20% U.S. electricity –France >70% Slow controlled release of energy Need 2.5–3.5% 235 U Problem with disposal of radioactive waste

2. Chapter 92 Organic Chemistry Chemistry of carbon-containing compounds Most of these come from living things –Not necessarily the case ~30 million chemical compounds known –95% are compounds made of carbon

3. Chapter 93 Carbon Able to bond strongly to other carbon atoms –Forms long chains –Very few other atoms can form short chains, let alone long chains Capable of forming ring structures Bonds strongly to other elements –In particular, H, O, and N

4. Chapter 94 Hydrocarbons Made of carbon and hydrogen Alkanes –Contain only single bonds –Saturated hydrocarbons –Each C atom bonded to maximum number of H atoms

5. Chapter 95 Alkanes CH 4, methane, simplest one C 2 H 6, ethane All have –ane ending –Follow a pattern

6. Chapter 96 Methane, CH 4.

7. Chapter 97 structural formulas –Show how many hydrogens are attached to each carbon CH 3 -CH 3 for ethane Structural formulas show how atoms are bonded together

8. Chapter 98 Methane and the tetrahedral carbon.

9. Chapter 99 PPRRExample 9.1 Kinds of Hydrocarbon Formulas Give the structural formula for heptane. Give the structural formula for octane. Problems

10. Chapter 910 Properties of Alkanes Main property: will burn and nonpolar

11. Chapter 911 Gasoline, mineral oil, lubricating oil and petroleum jelly. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy Andy Washnik

12. Chapter 912 : Cycloalkanes.

13. Chapter 913 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Very important in biological systems Alkene: hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon- to-carbon double bonds Simplest: ethylene, C 2 H 4 ethylene used for ripening fruit

14. Chapter 914 Properties of Alkenes Similar physical properties to alkanes Undergo more reactions than alkanes –Addition reaction: add compounds across double bond –Importantly, they can form polymers

15. Chapter 915 Properties of Alkenes Main property: will burn, nonpolar and more reactive Long chained hydrocarbon will be liquid rather than solid example turkey fat and vegetable oil

16. Chapter 916 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Add Cl to hydrocarbons –Increase reactivity of alkanes Dissolve fats, oils, and greases –Useful for dry cleaning Tend to accumulate in fatty tissues –If toxic, this will be a problem

17. Chapter 917 Chlorofluorocarbons and Fluorocarbons Tend to be either liquids or gases Completely inert –Except in upper atmosphere O 2 soluble in fluorinated compounds –Temporary substitute for hemoglobin

18. Discuss DDT Discuss Splenda Chapter 918

19. Chapter 919 Alcohols Alcohols contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Examples include: methanol CH 3 OH ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH 1-propanolCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH

20. Chapter 920 Methanol Methanol or methyl alcohol is sometimes called wood alcohol. It is an important solvent and automotive fuel additive and possible fuel replacement.

21. Chapter 921 Ethanol Ethanol or ethyl alcohol is also known as grain alcohol. It is the alcohol of alcoholic beverages. It is also an additive to automotive fuel and is being considered as a gasoline replacement.

22. Chapter 922 Toxicity of Alcohols All alcohols are toxic. Methanol for instance is oxidized to formaldehyde by liver enzymes. It can lead to blindness and death. Even ethanol is toxic. The effects of drinking ethanol are due to its toxicity. Drunk driving, alcoholism, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all effects due to the toxicity of ethanol.

23. Chapter 923 Ethanol

24. Chapter 924 Multifunctional Alcohols Some alcohols contain more than one hydroxyl group.

25. Chapter 925 Complex Alcohols Several common alcohols have more than one –OH group Ethylene glycol: main ingredient in antifreeze Glycerol: used in lotions –Ingredient in some explosives

26. Discuss gas mileage and fuels Chapter 926

27. Chapter 927 Carboxylic Acids Organic acids contain the carboxyl (COOH) functional group.

28. Chapter 928 Esters Esters are derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols or phenols.

29. Chapter 929 Esters Esters generally have a pleasant odor.

30. Chapter 930 Esters Esters are named by stating the name of the alcohol part first followed by the name of the acid part with the suffix –ate. For example: Methyl butyrate

31. Chapter 931 Amines and Amides Amines are derivatives of ammonia. When one or more hydrogen of ammonia is replaced by an alkyl group, an amine is the result. Like ammonia, amines tend to be basic and have similar odors.

32. Chapter 932 Amines and Amides

33. Chapter 933 Amines and Amides Amides have the nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl carbon. The amino acids of proteins are linked by amide linkages.

34. Chapter 934 end

35. Chapter 935 Aldehydes and Ketones Both contain carbonyl group (C=O) Aldehyde: R-CHO Ketone: R-CO-R’

36. Chapter 936 Common Aldehydes Change -e ending to -al Produced by oxidation of alcohols Formaldehyde – used as a preservative Larger ones used as fragrances –Benzaldehyde – flavor in maraschino cherries

37. Chapter 937 Common Ketones Change -e ending to -one Acetone most common ketone –Used primarily as a solvent Produced by oxidation of alcohols

38. Chapter 938 Carboxylic Acid Contains C=O and –OH group on same carbon Change -e to -oic acid Acetic acid: acid in vinegar

39. Chapter 939 Esters Derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols Tend to be fragrant –Methyl butyrateapple –Ethyl butyratepineapple –Ethyl formaterum –Methyl salicylatewintergreen

40. Chapter 940 Figure 6.13: The carbon-carbon single bond of ethane and the carbon-carbon double bond of ethylene. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers

41. Chapter 941 Figure 6.15: The conversion of unsaturated ethylene to saturated ethane. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers

42. Chapter 942 Figure 6.16: Adding water to an alkene produces an alcohol. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers

43. Chapter 943 END

44. Chapter 944 Alcohol Family –OH group Replace -e with -ol CH 3 OH, methanol, simplest Produced industrially –Mainly a chemical intermediate

45. Chapter 945 C 2 H 5 OH, ethanol Made industrially and by fermentation –Industrially produced alcohol has noxious substances added Small, simple alcohols tend to be toxic

46. Chapter 946 Phenol –OH group on benzene ring –Different chemical properties than other alcohols –First antiseptic –Also causes skin irritation