1. Conservative Boundary
Volcanoes Quiz
Subduction
Continental Crust
Conservative Boundary
Geosycnline
Composite Volcano
Shield Volcano
Acidic Lava
Lahar
Pyroclastic Flow

2. How do volcanoes affect people?
The key idea of the lesson is…
Volcanoes are hazards resulting from tectonic activity. Their primary and secondary effects are positive as well as negative. Responses change in the aftermath of an eruption.
C/S: Different types, cause, primary and secondary effects, positives and negatives, immediate and long-term responses. Monitoring and prediction.
By the end of the lesson you will…
have two posters, and notes, to explain the advantages and disadvantages of volcanic activity.
have notes on how volcanoes can be monitored and predicted

3. Iceland

4. Advantages of Iceland’s Volcanic Activity

5. Eyjafjallajökull, 2010 Composite Volcano Southern Iceland
March – October 2010
Series of eruptions (VEI 1-4)
Frequent eruptions since last ice age, most small.
March eruption – basic lava – effusive
April eruption – explosive
First warning: earthquakes 2009

6. Ash 250 million cubic meters of tephra (ash)
No flights in 20 countries
10,000 people affected
Ash on the ground caused ‘ash mist’

7. Contributing Factors Volcano under jet stream.
Jet stream consistently going south-east.
Ice cap melted causing explosive eruption with rapidly cooling lava, so lots of abrasive ash.
VEI caused direct ash injection into jet stream.

8. Immediate Effects and Responses
Effusive Eruption
500 farmers evacuated from the local area for 24 hours
Flights to and from Reykavik and Keflavik cancelled (20-21 March)
Risk map made
Roads closed near to volcano (until 29 March)
Risk of flash flooding from melting ice (unwarranted)
Earthquakes (but largely uninhabited area)
150 m long fissure with basic lava, followed by 200 m fissure

9. …local companies offered day trips to view eruption.
Volcano Tourism
…local companies offered day trips to view eruption.
Vodafone installed webcams. Icelandic police set up a restricted area, enforced using search and rescue.

10. Immediate Effects and Responses
Explosive Eruption
Earthquakes
Ash plume 8km high – air travel, tourism, major events, logistics (alternative by road), economic impact (time-sensitive)
Melt water from melted glacier caused floods and a lahar
Markarfljot river destroyed road
800 people evacuated
Unusual lava (high in silica and fluoride)
Pollution of streams
Farming halted (due to ash) – animals kept inside
Airspace closed
By 19 April, less ash, lava flow (3 km into the air)
Fears of Katla eruption meant tourists left
Schools closed, people told to stay inside

11. Recovery/Long Term Effects and Responses
Drop in global CO2 levels because of Iron
Area now quiet, with little activity – people returned home
Road rebuilt
No climatic impact
Improved soil fertility in an agricultural region
International attention for Iceland – more tourists
Possible health risks from ash
Fluoride poisoning? Water quality?
Talks about air travel in emergencies
Studies on effects in Scotland (soil/water)
Travel companies collapsed (partially as a result of ash)
Nissian distribution and production affected
New Zealand boast in exports due to flower and fish demand

12. Monitoring and Prediction

13. Task Produce two posters:
The Eyjafjallajökull Eruption – background, effects and responses
Advantages of Volcanoes – focusing on benefits brought to Iceland (geothermal power/heat, tourism, fertile soils, greenhouses).
Once finished: Answer questions 5,6,7 on page 21

14. Homework
Produce a newspaper report on the 2002 Nyiragongo Eruption in Africa. It should be retrospective (looking back on the event from today).
Have the following sections:
Introduction
Short-term Effects
Long-term Effects
Rescue and Recovery
David Johnston

15. Describe the distribution of the world’s volcanoes (2 marks)
Looking at the map below, provide evidence to support the statement that ‘volcanoes usually occur at plate boundaries’ (3 marks)
Explain the cause of the Mt. St. Helens eruption (4 marks)